International Political Systems: Sumerian City-States

internationalistic semi governmental governances Sumerian City-StatesWhy do I mean that in that location is an turn away(p)(a) political System? First, I entrust discuss the inter bodily process surrounded by Sumerian city- deposits that is divided by the river of Tigris and Euphrates, that at present forms a modern Iraq1, why these Sumerian city- pleads? Beca intent I wish to rear that t present is an transnational policy-making Systems during that time, get dressedt get me misemploy in this subject, I want you to feel youre in these express ages to be in their position, and whence this incessantlyy last(predicate)ow be your roots, because if you leave al genius oppose it with the International semipolitical Systems nowadays a huge confusion whitethorn subdue.Second, because of the xxx years of contend north westerly Germany signify of a treaty that go for stop this war and this is the Treaty of Westphalia.The brave just non the least, the catam enia situation of International policy-making System in this era and I get out pick joined Nations or (U.N) to be the based model of these current International Political Systems. I ordain cover different virtues from the linked Nations to fuckvass my claim, these atomic number 18 fall in Nations congregation on the Law Of the Seas or (UNCLOS), second the Human Rights were play a huge role with the countries downstairs the United Nations.Different theories has been make, different mainstream land meet earned the title w here does International Political System began exclusively we all know already that the authoritative deport of International Political System is the time that the treaty of Westphalia began2, yet here in my argument, I shall say that its the interaction amid Sumerian city- put ups where International Political System was really born(p). They dont know it yet that they atomic number 18 doing such thing, but I in my look for, I go out prove tha t what they ar doing is International Political System which is use until now.Interaction between Sumerian City-StatesTigris and Euphrates be much known because of the river that separates them but it connects these Sumerian City-States. These atomic number 18 considered to induct been a fully-fledged International System, because these Sumerian city- recounts take a shit already an brisk religion, trade, interaction, language, educational arrangement, laws and attracters.They look up to their immortal as the unequivocal attractor and by that all of his or her hoi polloi be subject to look out what their God wants, meaning being the Supreme (God and Goddesses) leader they must comply what laws He or She has made, for recitation their Gods or Goddesses atomic number 18 represented by natural entities such as the Sun interconnected with Justice and considered as the God Sun, He is God called UTU, Moon interconnected to Wisdom and their God Moon, She is called God Nann a or Suen, and Earth connected to Life Force, some(prenominal) centuries before Hammurabi, Ur-Engur of the Ur dynasty (c. 2600 BC) decl bed that he rendered decisions according to the just laws of Shamash.3 This reference of their Gods and Goddesses save makes my claim more than unambiguous. Even their God Ur-Engur has a law for the community to abide with, and by abiding such rule a produce pass on be more powerful in considerations of the law that is implemented to the sight, and the people who bumps to obey it diligently or faithfully from propagation to generation which made the law movementive and refrain the citizenry to do what ever so they want if it was non in accordance to the experienceing laws that had been created by their Gods and Goddesses they mean in long before they were born.The law their Gods and Goddesses has created, local laws have been extended to other city- presents they dealt with, unconsciously they are already leading to an transnationa list law bore which were recognized, obeyed, respected and put into practice by some(prenominal) parties or city-states involved. These sectors of analysis are ingredient of an international system, hence this is international political system, because in those times, theyre knowledge to the highest degree the world is their save city-state and treating other people outside their city-state as barbarians or inferior as compared to themselves, (ex. The Greek city-states thus far if they know that different states exist, they consider them as barbarians and these barbarians dont contribute in the human populace much thrash are even up considered as uncivilized or unworthy people) so what Im saying is that this exist as an International Political System utilise their own norm or gauge. Hence in this era International Political System in the Sumerian city-state for them is the scoop up and the exactly when one known to be followed by their citizenry and if they want to deal with the Sumerians it is mandatory for them to follow what the a harp rules the Sumerians are using or following faithfully. In this eluding we could vividly see the influence of a very strong centralized government. Whatever the central government or the city-state of Sumerian is practicing, it has to be followed by the others having that principle that these laws were created by a Supreme Being (God or Goddesses) which includes issues regarding policies in their political, military, societal, and economic norms and other celestial orbits.These standards already exist in this city-states, but as time goes by, these norms changes, because change is nature hence if the nature is to change, when the modern times comes, these norms became more complex hence adds more norms to become an International Political System. Change in environment such as geographical features which includes boundaries, natural and manmade, resources which needs to be modified or altered to be satisfactory to catch up to the new ideas and schooling of new trends in the International Political Systems. Thats why I add this Sumerian city-states because this is the real cycle that goes with the ever changing and ever growing International Political System.Because of the mainstream approach of Westphalia in the same setting the title was given to them, and gave the title that the year Westphalia created was the real birth of International Political System which is a big fallacy. Why did I terminate so? It is because the treaty of Westphalia happened not just long ago it was exactly on October 24th 16484. When the treaty of Westphalia was ratified or take into effect as a law so many events or major happenings had been recorded to had happened +which surface the way for the creation of a treaty that will not gave a birth but modified to adapt with the current needs and issues to be resolve even if the title was given for the Sumerian city-state was a Pre-international System I will c onsider them an international political system, as part in my introduction said, the perspective point of panorama must be only in the Sumerian age, thats why I arranged them according to the years where they exist so thither will be a smooth flow of ideas, and one refinement to justify if we had an international political system.In these Sumerian city-states trade is in addition present, because of the creation of archetypical calendar, which they adjusted to the phases of the moon. The lunar calendar helped the Greeks, Semites and Egyptians, because of this, it helped a component of Sumerian City-States to interact with each other thus helping their frugality to boost up leading to the growth of merchant class5, did you know that they are very commodity navigators because of the calendar they made. They know exactly where they are termination because of the stars in the sky, were that star will serve as a pass along for every people of the city that will trade from other cities, thats why when they created the first ever calendar which adjusted the phases of the moon it helped them a lot.67Talking about trade, it helped to increase the interaction between these Sumerian city-states by simple talking to each other, of course the need of language is in need, and the language these times are divided into four first is antediluvian Sumerian, second is antiquated or Classical Sumerian, third is impertinently Sumerian, last but not the least Post-Sumerian. These language had their own time at the existence of Sumerian city-states, Archaic Sumerian covered the period from 3100 B.C, when the first Sumerian wrote their very first documentary or records, down to about 2500 B.C, the content of create verballys in this time include business and administrative character, there is still school texts that form simple exercises in writing because this age of language was poorly understood because of the meagerness sources. Second the Old or Classical Sumeria n lasted from 2500 to 2300 B.C, represented by the record of Lagash the like in the first there is business, administrative texts here, but an addition is a wakeless text, in here the grammar of Sumerian improved and their vocabulary.8It is very evident that once trade exists in between any country or countries, influx not only of money but most of all ideas, culture, laws, and even intermarriage will follow. So I strongly believe that International Political System has long been existing and put into practice even before the idea of the said system was said to be introduced.Treaty of WestphaliaThis said to be the legitimate year were International Political System was created the birth year of International Political System, why is it that this the legitimate one? Why is it that the interaction of Tigris and Euphrates was not the legitimate one? Because as said by Richard Little and Barry Buzan the point of being a western country we basenot accept the fact that they are the o nes who are the elitist and theyre sound judgement set of being Ethnocentrism, meaning they are the only ones who had think of these ideas that can be seen it the modern and early ages, being the elitist they are the ones who got the title of the fiddle done, and by telling the story of their fore obtains other early International Political System is discarded on the list, hence giving the title of the first legitimate International Political System to the Treaty of Westphalia.Treaty of Westphalia was created for the Europeans, because of the cardinal years war that was motivated by religious and political moderate all over Europe. And because of this thirty years of war countless man, fry and women had died, it even overcome the terminals that has been made in World fight I and World War II, it said to believe that one-third of the population died in result of the war, because of these people dying every day for the ago thirty years. And because of the Treaty of Westphalia it was ratified with the concurrence of the states present whom to themselves considered as the elite and civilized one, which all must follow. This treaty is the first demonstration that they are creating an International Political System, this law is the law of war a doctrine concerning when it is permissible to go to war and what means of conducting war are (and are not) permissible, meaning that they cannot go to war anymore because of this said treaty, hence they already know that this war has been going for the past thirty years. If this will continue all that will be left to them are bone up of their fallen comrades, which is not healthy to a state because man is the inherent part and without man a state cannot exist.As history has prove the root cause of the thirty years of war was the tug of war in between the protestants and Catholics who both claims that their religion is the best and the truth. The influence of these leadership namely the clergies or priests in the catholic side and ministers or pastors on the protestant side greatly scratched the citizenry because their decisions and allegiance is compulsive by the religion they belong too. Much of these situation political leaders alike relies and asks for the nod or approval of the strong religious leader for them to get the majority back-up of the nations or states. So you could clearly see how it did affect the whole state. The unimaginable result of the thirty years of war paved the way for the birth of Treaty of Westphalia but definitely not the birth of International Political System.Current Situations of the Worlds SystemsUnited Nations (UN) is an example of current International Political Systems, which facilitates all its constituents, for example Philippines, China, Japan, United States, and many more different states. This serve as an international political system because first, it is recognize globally by ingredient countries. Leaders of the different incision of the United Nations such as World Health governance (WHO), United Nation International Children Emergency Fund (UNICEF), International Labor Organization (ILO)9 and other departments are selected from the most respectable and able man whose rightfulness are doubtless. Military or ( cessation keeping pierces), Political, Economic, Societal and environmental, which are usually known as sectors of analysis are all present in the United Nation. At far it is concern with the peacefulness among the states, development, human rights, and International Law. Because ingredient states are the ones who will judge if the merit of claims of one state to other if there is a conflict, United Nations will make a resolution against these conflicts, thats why they are present when there is a war problem inside state for example Libya, they send peace keeping forces or military forces that got from its constituent states, even in Environmental disaster, they are there to help the people of their constitue nt states.Human Rights a philosophic tackation10, (covered societal interaction), as stated they are simply by virtue of human being against war thats why peace is more rampant, ironically Human Rights were made later World War II in connection with the Holocaust, the experience of Nuremberg tribunal convinced leaders of the need to set forth international standards to prevent genocide from ever occurring again. Human rights is where they create laws that will served as a shield by every single person of a state and it will at most prevent wars and unhumanitarian acts whether its a girl, children or man, moreover this human right law is by far the greatest law the United Nation has made. United Nations intent of developing existing laws to cope with changes and prevention of affirmable war, talking about state to state wars, why say that? Because after the human right law has been implemented, the rights of the people were seen nowadays, they cannot kill people because they jus t want it to, hence they cannot kill because of their icy religious whims, and lastly you cannot kill people anymore regardless what nationality they are, or else great consequences will be used against you if ever you will do such villainy. Racism is vehemently trashed.But a rebuttal here is Libya, Iraq, and Syria in this time is in a great war against, Muslim State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), as we can see this is not a state to state war because war is present inside the state. Ironically the to a higher place mentioned states are all members of the United Nations but they do not constipate to the principle of peace, humanity and unity among member states. Even though they have violated international rules still the United Nations tries its best to pacify the situation. As a proof of this our very own Philippines, as a member of the United Nations send troops to this country therefore in this consideration military is present in United Nations, because as a member of this org anization we must share our resources, help in any possible means such as medical aid, medical force and even peace keeping forces.Just like other countries doing to the Philippines when it comes to natural calamities and disaster, even the Peoples Republic of China disregarded the conflict in West Philippine Sea they still send troops here to help, foods and other things which they think may help a lot the typhoon victim which happened to be the strongest recorded typhoon in the world. It is a manifestation that China recognizes his social station in the United Nation and since the Philippines is a member state of the United Nation it is a good sign that China has the initiative and good intention to help us in spite of all the odds that they are having with the Philippines.Second best example I can give is the Philippines and China in connection with the West Philippine Sea, United Nations shape on the Law Of the Seas (UNCLOS) this is a compulsory procedures for dispute resol ution among state parties, this process have the right to choose either theyre case is going to International Tribunal for the Law Of the Sea (ITLOS), International court of Justice (ICJ), Arbitral Tribunal, and last but not the least additional technical arbitral tribunal. Why apply the provisions of UNCLOS and United Nations If there is still conflict? Because United Nation was established for peace and to neutralise World War I or World War II or such things to happened again. Because in a war nobody wins, yes they powerfulness say that they win, but literally in war, millions of lives is lost. The United Nations ultimate goal is to prevent wars hence with the help of human rights, it serves to be an important term to prevent World War III because when World War I and World War II happened, there is still no cover data on human rights. Nowadays member states or nonmember states think of the consequences if they will violate human right laws. They know that even after the inc ident they will be persecuted by the international community by dint of economic sanction, persona non grata and other international recognized form of disconformity. some other good example is the International Labor Organization (ILO)11. Because of the creation of the International Law Organization member states are very keen in implementing rules regarding labor practices. International accredited systems regarding the way they treat local and contrasted laborers are always given importance.The major role of an employee, laborer or any manpower is always given top priority in any countries. The welfare, salary and other related activities or benefits of the lasting force are in compliance with accepted rules and systems.International Political System as I viewed it is almost the same with any other system. It was made and pursued by respectable men whose goal is to have an orderly, deferent and effective way of life. We may be different in language, carnal attributes, values , culture, religion, educational background and other things that makes a human different from an puppet but for sure we the majority of the people would like to live in an atmosphere of peace, unity and love.I would like to thank people who intimated these systems, for they had helped a lot the succeeding generations on what they have done. Not only the philosophical leaders but most especially the unwritten leaders of the past who may not have been mentioned in any document or book but for sure contributed a lot on who and where we are now. They may have made mistakes or imperfections but thats the veracity of life no one is perfect. Our life is a continuous rill and error with the guiding principle of being of help to his people and act to make this world a smash life and place to live with.BibliographyBuzan, B., Little , R. (2000). International Systems in World news report. New York Oxford University Press.DAnieri, P. (2014). International political science Power and Pu rpose in Global Affairs. canada Cenage learning.Guisepi, R. A. (1980 and 2003). The History of Ancient Sumeria. Retrieved phratry 1, 2014, from The History of Ancient Sumeria http//history-world.org/sumeria.htmKritzer, H. M. (2002). LEGAL SYSTEMS OF THE WORLD A POLITICAL, SOCIAL, AND CULTURAL ENCYCLOPEDIA. mantle Verde ABC-CLIO, Inc.Sumerian Gods. (n.d.). Retrieved September 1, 2014, from Sumerian Gods http//www.crystalinks.com/sumergods.html3 Pol 320120476921 Barry Buzan and Richard Little, International Systems in World History, (New York Oxford University Press, 2000), 1.2Barry Buzan and Richard Little, International Systems in World History, (New York Oxford University Press, 2000), 1.3 Sumerian Gods, Crystalinks.com, http//www.crystalinks.com/sumergods.html,4 The Peace of Westphalia.HistoryLearningSite.co.uk.2006. Web, http//www.historylearningsite.co.uk/peace_of_westphalia.htm.5 Robert A. Guisepi, The History of Ancient Sumeria (Sumer) including its cities, kings, religions culture and contributions or civilization, (University of California, 1980 and 2003), http//history-world.org/sumeria.htm.6Robert A. Guisepi, The History of Ancient Sumeria (Sumer) including its cities, kings, religions culture and contributions or civilization, (University of California, 1980 and 2003), http//history-world.org/sumeria.htm.7Walter Baucum, Sumerians who were they? The Sudden Civilization, http//www.uhcg.org/Lost-10-Tribes/walt1-Sumerians.html.8Robert A. Guisepi, The History of Ancient Sumeria (Sumer) including its cities, kings, religions culture and contributions or civilization, (University of California, 1980 and 2003), http//history-world.org/sumerian_language.htm.9 United Nations http//www.un.org/en/10 United Nations http//www.un.org/en/.11 United Nations http//www.un.org/en/.Lombroso and Beccaria Theories of CrimeLombroso and Beccaria Theories of CrimeCriminology is the consider of evil, from what causes crime to what could or does prevent it. The ideas which form the topic of criminology come from mention thinkers in the area who come up with theories and carry out research to try to find evidence to support their claims. These thinkers can be powerful in bringing about changes in areas such as the legal or prison systems. Two hugely influential thinkers in the area of criminology are Cesare Beccaria and Cesare Lombroso who have expressed views and formulated many theories which come under the category of criminology, from ideas on offenders to how they should be punished.Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794) belonged to the classical school of criminology which refers to the work carried out in the 18th century enlightenment period which would have followed utile and social contract philosophy. Beccaria was part of an aristocratic Milanese family in Lombardy and went on to complete a law degree at the University of Pavia in 1758. Although Beccaria was an Italian economist and not a criminologist as criminology as we know it today was not inv ented until the 19th century (Hayward, Maruna Mooney, 2010).Cesare Lombroso (1853-1909) came along after Beccaria and is often considered the father of criminology and ,unlike Beccaria he belonged to a different shell of criminological school, the rationalist school of criminology which uses more scientific approach to studying the social science, using methods from the natural science such as systematic observation, accumulation of evidence, nonsubjective facts and deductive framework. Lombroso trained as a physician in northerly Italy and severed 4 years in the Army where he started his observations of separates, he later went on to become the director of different asylums in regions of blue Italy where he went on to further observe souls becoming specifically anatomyle in what he referred to as primitive peoples (Hayward, Maruna Mooney, 2010).In the 18th cytosine Beccaria was the first to offer an explanation for crime and barbarous behaviour. Strongly influenced by t he philosopher Thomas Hobbes, Beccaria believed that we are hedonistic beings that look out for our own self-interest, by calculating the pleasure or painful sensation that will result from an action to decide whether to do it or not (Hayward, Maruna Mooney, 2010), which could lead an man-to-man to institutionalise crime if they believe that the resulting pleasure will outweigh any pain that may arise from the action. Due to this Beccaria in any case suggested that offend is a selection made out of free will from rational soulfulnesss just like those who choose not to take part in sinful behaviour.However, Lombroso offers a different opinion on offenders. Lombroso was strongly influenced by Charles Darwin and his possibility of ontogenesis and believed that offenders were throwbacks to earlier forms of humans. Lombroso believed that those who commit crime were atavistic, a term he genuine for those who were not fully evolved and more primitive than non-offenders (Hayward, Maruna Mooney, 2010). It was the atavistic nature of the individual which Lombroso believed was the reason the individual became a criminal. Lombroso even believed that if these these individuals were throwbacks of from previous stages of evolution then they should have differing sensual and physiological characteristics from normal individuals which he referred to as a stigmata, Lombroso suggested that characteristics such as supernumerary fingers or toes, larger jaws or ears, an insensitiveness to pain, etc were indicative of an atavistic individual (Mazzarello, 2011). Lombroso examined and documented many criminals and suggested that he found these characteristics in each of them including Giuseppe Villella, an Italian criminal said to be confusable to the notorious English serial killer Jack the Ripper, who Lombroso performed an autopsy on and upon examination of his skull and brain found similarities between it and that of less evolved primates, which for him supported his supposition that criminality is the result of being less evolved than the normal individual (Lombroso, 1872-1944.). gum olibanum instead of criminal behaviour being the result of free will like Beccaria proposed, Lombroso believed that criminal behaviour has a deterministic element. While this theory was met with some scepticism in Europe, Lombroso was hugely influential in America, but this in like manner had a negative side to it as suggesting that criminals can be identified by physical characteristics could lead to certain individual with such characteristics to be singled out even if they have not committed a criminal offence or been found guilty of a crime.Lombroso went on to develop his ideas and proposed that there are different sheaths of criminals. Some examples of the types of criminal Lombroso suggested there are, are the born criminal, the insane criminal, criminaloids and criminals of passion. Firstly, born criminals, a term which was in truth first used by a stude nt of Lombrosos Enrico Ferri, this type of criminal only makes up about a third of the criminal population but often commit the more serious crimes (Lombroso, 1872-1944.) and as outlined above is categorised presented with characteristics indicating an atavistic nature but Lombroso also believed that this type of criminal presented with epilepsy and was not morally intelligent. Secondly, the insane criminal, Lombroso suggested that this type of criminal was not a criminal since birth like the previous type but had become a criminal due to some gentle of physiological change which affects their morality making them unable to discriminate between right and wrong (Lombroso, 1872-1944., p 75). Examples of criminals in this category include those who are kleptomaniacs, nymphomaniacs, habitual drunks and child abusers. Another type of criminal outlined by Lombroso are criminaloids which have few of the atavistic characteristics or stigmata even though they are a form of born criminal the y are not as threatening as those who fall into the category of the born criminal. However, they do present with different stigmata that born criminals do not such as early baldness or greyness. Although the real difference between born criminals and criminaloids is there differing mental traits. The main difference being that the criminaloid individual starts offending later on in life and will always have a reason behind the offence (Lombroso, 1872-1944). The last example, criminals of passion, categorises those who commit crimes because they are urged to violate laws by a pure spirit of altruism (Lombroso, 1872-1944., p118) they are not at all like the other types of criminals as they only commit crimes out of the best intention and are characteristically good. The physical characteristics of the criminals of passion are often attractive and gentle while their psychological traits are that of an excessively good, holy individual (Lombroso, 1872-1944).Another negative with the wo rk of Lombroso is that he may have detected potential Hydes in lofty Jekylls (Saturday reexamine of Politics,Literature, Science and Art, 1909) by over emphasising finding certain characteristics in individuals and generating the hypothesis that everyone with such a characteristic will be or is a criminal.Beccaria differing belief, that an individual chooses to commit crime, lead him to believe that for society to be sustainable such a choice should be met with a penalisation and so in 1866 Beccaria published an essay entitled on crimes and penalizations. within this essay he expressed his ideas on criminal behaviour and what should happen to those found to have broken the law. Briefly put Beccaria believed that punishment of crime should be infallible, consistent, relative and swift if it is to deter an individual from committing crime. By inevitable Beccaria means that if an individual is found to have committed a crime there should be no question as to whether they should or will receive a punishment as Beccaria believed that the certainty of a punishment had a deterrent effect regardless of the severity of the punishment (Newburn, 2009.). By consistent he means that everybody regardless of class, ethnicity or gender should be given the same punishment for the same crime, so that certain individuals dont believe that they cancount upon arbitrary leniency from judges (Hayward, Maruna Mooney, 2010, p. 5). By proportionate Beccaria believed that the punishment should fit the crime, this means that punishment should not be too excessive just for the sake of revenge as the severity of the punishment should only be sufficient to as a deterrent (Tierney, 2009., p.46). In order to be a deterrent of criminal behaviour Beccaria also believed that punishment should be swift, this means that the punishment should be delivered quickly and not be delayed.Beccaria also expressed his ideas on judicial torture and the use of the death penalisation as a punishment f or criminal behaviour. Beccaria believed that both were wrong as they went against natural rights theory. In regards to torture, he believed that it is wrong because if the individual who is being tortured is physically or mentally weaker they are more likely to confess to something they didnt do and may implicate another individual who is also innocent. This lead Beccaria to proposition that if torture is the way of find an individuals guilt or innocence then a mathematician would be better at deciding this than a judge due to them being able to predict or theories the amount of torture a certain individual may be able to cope with before confessing (Hostettler, 2011.). In regards to the death penalty, Beccaria was the first person of that time to publicly criticise the killing of an individual as a means of punishment for a crime. He believed that the state had no right to take anothers life because while Beccaria believed in social contract theory (that we give up certain freedo ms to an authority in return for some kind of protection) he believed that no person would lot over the right to live for the protection offered. Beccaria also believed that the death penalty was not a sufficient deterrent to stop other people from committing crime, which for him was the primary role of a punishment leading him to the opinion that the punishment of death for a crime is not only immoral, it is useless (Hostettler, 2011., p. 55). However, although Beccaria held this belief he did allow for an exception to be made due to one of two reasons, either the individual still poses a risk to the outside world while imprisoned, or when the death penalty is seen as the only means by which to deter others from committing such a crime (Beccaria, 1764.).Lombroso also held a differing view on punishment and the death penalty to that of Beccarias. Lombroso believed that when an atavistic individual commits a crime society has the right to defend itself from this kind of delinquent ( Mazzarello, 2001., p. 983) this includes a belief in the death penalty which Beccaria was strongly against,even though Lombroso believed that criminality was not a choice but goaded as individuals were born criminals due to the argument that man defends himself from wild animals without blaming them for not having been born lambs (Mazzarello,2001., p.983). However, Lombroso and his theory of the insane criminal was influential in changing how those deemed insane were dealt with in the Italian justice system as measures were genuine for the mentally incompetent dangerous offender (Ramsland, 2009).Although Beccaria and Lombroso have many differing views and theories in the study of criminology and belonged to different schools, they were and still are strongly influential in reforming the justice and penal system. For example Beccaria s ideas from On Crimes and penaltys have been incarnate into the United States constitution (Hayward, Maruna Mooney, 2010., p. 7) and Lombrosos ide a that we have free will to choose whether to take part in criminal behaviour can still be seen in more recent free will versus determinism debates (Hayward, Maruna Mooney, 2010).ReferencesBeccaria, C., (1995) 1764, On Crimes and Punishment and Other Writings, Edited by Bellamy, R., Cambridge, Cambridge University PressHayward, K., Maruna, S., Mooney, J., (2010). litre Key Thinkers in Criminology. United acres Routledge.Hostettler, J., (2011). Cesare Beccaria The Genius of On Crimes and Punishment. United Kingdom Waterside Press.Lombroso, G., (1872-1944). Criminal Man According to the Classification of Cesare Lombroso, New York and London, G. P. PutnamMazzarello, P. (2001). Lombroso and tolstoy. Nature, 409(6823), 983. Retrieved fromhttp//dx.doi.org/10.1038/35059175Mazzarello, P., (2011). Cesare BeccariaAn anthropologist between evolution and degeneration. Functional Neurology, 26(2), 97-101. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/947561454?accountid=17074Newburn, T., (2 009). Key Readings in Criminology. United Kingdom Willan PublishingRamsland, Katherine,PhD., C.M.I.-V. (2009). THE MEASURE OF A MAN CESARE LOMBROSO AND THE CRIMINAL TYPE. Forensic Examiner, 18(4), 70-72. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/347552105?accountid=17074The Labours of Lombroso. (1909). Saturday Review of Politics, Literature, Science and Art, 108 (2817), 495-496. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/876885570?accountid=17074Tierney, J., (2009). Key Perspectives in Criminology. United Kingdom Open University Press.