A musical score of Citizen Kane utilizing Gorbman methodology Essay

A musical cook of Citizen Kane utilizing Gorbman methodology - Essay ExampleThis research will begin with the statement that he notion that music in films usually has powerful effects on its viewers in indisputable. However, the careful examination of the fence behind the effects is greatly ignored. People tend to correlate previously unassociated pieces of drama to what is heard in a film music. Basically, any kind of music played in a film has to ache a purpose. Every spontaneous melody or pre-composed piece is a potential option for a cinematic soundtrack (Patrik 45). One has to ask how and why people are so interested in have drama and music in a film. While it is evident that the full emotional effect of a word picture scene is carried through the successful interpretation of audio and visual information, the music in the movie still carries a significant effect for the interpretation of the directors intent and style. The objective of this news report is to provide an an alysis of the musical score of the movie Citizen Kane by utilizing Gorman and Kassabian methodologies.

Marketing plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 12

Marketing plan - Essay ExampleThe main figure of the take-away toilets is cube and wave products in Europe and US respectively.As a worker in the company, I would propose to the management to invest in portable bathrooms since they deport the resources and the required technology and personnel. The bathrooms should be designed as the wave product but should be installed with showers and mirrors with a base that is not slippery. It should as well as direct a good drainage in the essence just as the portable toilets have a tank that is then emptied. The water from the bathroom is then recycled and used in the toilets and by doing so the company will create a good image since it is eco-friendly. The roof of the portable bathroom should have a solar panel that will be used to heat the water. The bathroom lending or purchasing price should be equivalent or lower when introduced in the market as the portable toilets.The current global economic crisis is a negative factor for the compa ny but if it export in countries that pay much in the foreign exchange market there will be more profits thus an opportunity to trade

Why is the discovery of the Royal Tomb of Tutankhamen important to Essay

Why is the discovery of the majestic Tomb of Tutankhamen important to Archaeologists - Essay ExampleHe was the first to discover materials that led to the tombs discovery. The first clue he had was from a royal funeral object referred to as cache that were fro Tell el Amarna. They were brought to Thebes in order to escape destruction. These materials were hidden in a safe tomb that was done by King Tutankhamun himself. This cache is believed to have been stored by tomb robbers who expected to come back for the treasure old later. Furniture that was used by Tutankhamun was also ready among these treasures (Malek, 2010).Another clue that Davis found helpful was found in 1907 inside a small pit. It provided significant information that contained impressions of Tutankhamun and other materials such as natron, modest pottery and linen bags. Davis took the initiative of taking these items to New York for further examination (Magi & Tenti, 2006). There was also a discovery by Theodore th at comprised of a faience cup bearing the name of King Tut. Beside this cup, there were fragments of gold encumber with Tutankhamun and his wife inlaid upon it. After a period, an Egyptologist by the name Howard Carter found these items to be interesting for more than studies about the Tutankhamun tomb. He believed that these items were enough proof that King Tutankhamuns tomb was inside the Valley of the Kings. much than five thousand objects were discovered in the tomb that revealed a lot on the ancient livelihood of Egyptians. There were weapons, chariots, clothes, treasured lock and musical instruments. In addition, there was the golden burial mask that belonged to Tutankhamun. Carter died subsequently just seven years since his excavation ended in 1939 before he had summarized on his findings. He had no partners who could have continued his work (Malek, 2010).The Tutankhamun tomb lies in an area that where royal burials did not move place in the Valley center hence it was buried beneath the Valley of the Kings surface cursorily at Luxor, which was regarded

Why Study Logic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

wherefore Study Logic - Essay Example reason out is the baron to seek out a conclusion. (Morsanvi, Handley 2011) Reasoning is white plagued to conceive how something is and why it is. After understanding facts about something, one is then able to use reason to conclude. Sometimes this reasoning is done without being consciously advised. This has an effect on whether or non one is able to reason well decisions or reason bad decisions.When an individual is not aware of the proper way of reason this can prevent them from achieving an important lifelong skill. This skill is the ability to understand the theory behind reasoning. Understanding the theory behind reasoning will help with so many another(prenominal) different aspects in life. Understanding the theory behind reasoning allows for better problem solving and the ability to communicate better with others. Without the study of logic one may have difficulties communicating and understanding others and why others make certain decisions.Morsanyi, K., & Handley, S. J. (2011). Logic feels so goodI like it Evidence for intuitive undercover work of logicality in syllogistic reasoning. Journal Of Experimental Psychology Learning, Memory, And Cognition,

Term Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Term Paper - seek ExampleIt has its focus on the target readers who may or may not be very much interested in each and every detail of the study but can be very much interested in knowing how to maintain their weight not to feel. The article has been a successful effort in providing what readers look for in any news.The article used for this study is A Self-Regulation Program for Maintenance of Weight Loss from the journal New England Journal of Medicine published on 31 October 2006. The team of Dr. Rena Wing, PhD have conducted this study. Dr. Wing is also Brown University professor of psychiatry and human deportment and co founder of National Weight Control Registry program. The paper is based on 1 of the most concerning issues of todays scenario. Obesity is a problem which leads to several other health cerebrate and psychological problem in an individual. People once lose weight sometimes become relaxed and regain the weight they had lost. The journal article is based on th is issue of obesity and maintenance of weight passing. The main issue in the study are regaining of weight in individuals after weight loss program and impact of maintenance program based on self regulatory theory on this weight regains. People face to face interaction and daily weighing creates better impact on the interest and efforts of maintaining weight and avoiding weight regain. The hypothesis of the paper is that the interventions, delivered face to face or over the Internet, would moderate average weight regain and reduce the proportion of participants who regained 2.3 kg or more during a power point of 18 months.The study is about weight regain. There are various dependent and independent variables considered in this study. There were various dependent variables like weight loss in specific period, calories intake, physical military action and method of instruction like face to face, internet or control group were dependent on variables like sex, age, weight,

Political Frontiers in the Articles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Political Frontiers in the Articles - Essay ExampleIn these articles, the authors likewise focus on political and human dimensions of decision-making. The basic meaning as well as realistic impacts of human dimensions of decision-making has a fundamental role in modeling the battles surrounding social control. The authors also explore the self-immolation history as well as the related forms of debate across various social settings. For instance, few Tibetan Buddhists sought to constitute the components of both unacceptable and acceptable violence (Minyanville 6). In reading the articles, self-immolation is evident. However, different people think of how the governments has done minimal towards instituting economic programs that ordinary citizens could be eligible to participate. There are speculations that such immolations result from the influx of public policy as well as the desire for greater autonomy. This adds on the restrictions facing the farmers among many other social and economic factors. Also, there is no mention of the Chinese invasion and destruction of thousands of monasteries close to a million Tibetans (Burma 4). The Tibets Chinese occupation entailed more inexorable as well as genocidal campaigns. However, the piece as well as self-immolation takes the description of dismissive terms like political theatre. The political theatre plays are self-immolations from people desperate of having aspirations for religious self-rule and freedom acknowledged. Also, labor force instability is one of the issues cutting across the three articles.

Contract Law-PDPD Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Contract Law-PDPD - subsidisation ExampleThis paper illustrates that for most students, it is anticipated that the externalise ordain have a substantial focus on on identifying strategies to fill gaps and strengthen their study skills, as well as career planning, perhaps identifying skills and/or knowledge they need to acquire or further enhance, to enable them to achieve their career goals. Other locomote identified as necessary to enhance employability are also likely to feature in the plan e.g. work experience and relevant extra curricular activities. The present research has identified that for those students already with an complete career, your plan may feature less on employability and more on career progression and pedantic/or personal development. In formulating their plans and identifying goals, students must consider the key skills which our University expects its graduates to possess and which it is also likely that employers leave alone require. The researcher st ates that the plan should not only qualify clear goals but also, to be effective, should identify how the goals will be achieved, a timescale for achievement and a means of knowing how the goal has been met. There is no set format for this work but you are encouraged to use the Universitys SPARK template. It has been designed to be a practical means for you to document the skills in a format which can readily be transferred to application forms for employment or further study.

My Organization at a Glance Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

My Organization at a Glance - Research musical theme ExampleThe results of the analysis provide an brasss concern team with the basics of maintaining optimum management practices. Strategic management helps the management attain better alignment of corporate policies and strategic priorities (George & Bock, 2011). This discussion is an examen of the McDonalds flowerpot organizational analysis, environmental analysis as well strategic issues and recommendations how to build the organizations competitive advantages. Organizational Analysis McDonalds is a fast feed corporation that operates in the restaurant industry. The corporation is among the oldest fast food outlet in America with a global presence. McDonalds corporation was established in 1937 by Patrick McDonald in California. Strengths Technology. McDonalds corporation is technology sensitive. The corporation is at the forefront of modern technology among fast food retailers (Pearson Education, Inc, 2011). For illustration , the corporation has put in place a cellular technology to allow customers to place their stations online. The corporation has also installed Internet access terminals and Wi-Fi to enhance customers to order online and eventually lessen the lag time involved between ordering time and pick up time. Experienced Market Leaders. In terms of global reach and biggest player, McDonalds is always conquering markets from its competitors. referable to its immense presence, McDonalds corporation is able to operate at economies of scale (Mohammed, 2009). The corporation sells its products at comparatively low prices attracting more customers due to its cost leadership. In addition to being the largest fast food retailer, the corporation is experienced and understands the market fairly well. Strong Brand Name, Image and Reputation. McDonalds has strong note equity, and its take care is globally renowned. The corporation image is among the top ten most powerful brand names in the globe. This has a positive impact on the corporations sales and share price (Mohammed, 2009). The brand equity is valued around $40 million, and this reputation makes McDonalds a household name. Special educate for the Managerial Staff. McDonalds corporation has a training program for its managerial and other employees in a bid to reduce turnover rates and enhance quality. The Hamburger University is an in-house program for specifically training McDonalds managerial staff (Mohammed, 2009). The trained managers help to run the company towards its growth objectives. Positive and Influential CSR. McDonalds corporation operates Ronald McDonalds houses that offer accommodation, food, and child support for needy families requiring extensive hospital care. This corporate generosity enhances the corporations image further. The corporation also has a golden archway logo and Ronald McDonald joke that is globally acknowledgeable (McDonalds Corporation, 2012). Weaknesses Unhealthy Food Image. Although McDonalds corporation is globally renowned, the corporation has several(prenominal) weaknesses. One of the weaknesses that the corporation grapples with is the aspect of unhealthy food image (Pearson Education, Inc, 2011). The verity that McDonalds offers fast food has resulted in uproar that the foods are responsible for increased obesity rates among children in the United States. steep Employee Turnover/Training Costs. McDonalds corporation also faces high employee turnover rates. The corporation is cited

Is empowerment a valuable tool for increasing efficiency and Essay - 5

Is empowerment a valuable tool for increasing expertness and potentiality in todays organisations - Essay ExampleThis research pull up stakes begin with the statement that there is no denying the fact that most of the organizations use only a petty of their employees total potential and many times employees feel that their skills and abilities remain underutilized. In order to inculcate efficiency driven organizational attitude, the organizations need to give way to a setup that encourages employees to grow and strike and chip in an optimal use of their overall potential. It is only in such organizations that a space for innovation, efficiency and effectiveness could be created because the employees in such empowerment driven organizations do get a chance to choose the best of their abilities and to develop new skills and attitudes that innovation requires Hence, in empowering organizations employees do feel an urge to go beyond their sphere of duty so as to put in an extra ef fort aimed at showdown the organizational goals. The employees in empowering organizations see their extra effort as an investment rather than being disgruntled and wait for the highest bidder. In most of the successful organizations, it is the ability to encourage the untapped potential in the employees that enables them to contend in the markets and allows them to successfully retain the experienced and skilled talent. In that context, it is a myth to assume that the learnedness potential within organizations tends to be innate and once the employees are trained and introduced to their job responsibilities, they will learn new skills and behaviors on their own. That is why an empowering audit allows the organizations to learn about the immediate skill levels and motivation of their employees, and what could be done to inculcate new skills and behaviors. In that sense empowerment is a positive force that has vast relevance in varied processes and opportunities going on and avai lable within organizations. Before understanding the social occasion of empowerment in boosting organizational effectiveness and efficiency, it is a must to have an insight into how the organizations disempower employees and what are the meaningful traits of the disempowering organizations. The disempowering organizations do believe in fixing the blame rather than solving the key issues and problems.

Profesional nursing organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Profesional nursing organization - Essay ExampleNurses can appoint their success and predicaments in seminars or meetings where peers come up with compliments, solutions or challenges. Networking thus enhances information flow and updates on the current trends in nursing. By sharing information and updates, the general feeling and perspectives of individual nurses is felt and discussed for realistic action.Another importance of nursing organizations is that they assist in creation of favorable health-related policies in state assemblies. The indicant of numbers takes charge to protect the interest of nurses in legislation. Nursing organizations have re precedeatives in state assemblies where they present their views. Thus, professional organizations ensure that the voices of nurses are heard and considered since organizations boost the credibility of nurses to speak in the legislative field of honor about issues that can transform the entire health care system for the better (Abo od 2007). By doing this, the organizations unassailable better deals for nurses.In a nutshell, nursing organizations enable sharing information and updates among members and also coerce legislators apply expert advice to solicit support on favorable terms and conditions for nurses. These actions are possible because of professional and fiscal capabilities that the organizations

Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 5

Project watchfulness - Essay ExampleThe conceptualisation, development and drudgery of the aircraft took several years since the treaty between Britain and France was signed in 1962 just test flights of the Concorde could not be conducted till 1967 while scheduled flights could only be conducted in 1976 (Wikipedia, 2006). At the same conviction, after many years of faithful service as well as rising and falling fates, the Concorde was retired in 2003. As a product, it does present the complete lifecycle of a product difference from an idea to a cultural icon to the eventual death of the product.The overall command and control for a project like Concorde would have to be handled by many individuals who are experts in their fields but one person would have the responsibility of conducted the entire project. There are several skills and competencies which one could strain when looking for a person to handle a project like Concorde of which the most important would be planning skil ls. However, before a discussion is made regarding the project managers skills and abilities, it would be perspicuous to examine some of the primary activities involved with the project.The first activity required for the Concorde project would be to guarantee the required financing for the project. In historical terms, the idea and the product itself was so costly that no genius company could manage to come up with the financing required for the project. In fact, Britain and France had to pool their resources before the production and prototyping process could begin (Wikipedia, 2006). A project manager here would need to be a character of the negotiations between the two countries so that s/he can guide the political process extraneous from the technological process to create as little interference as possible.Once the financing or financial backers have been secured for the project, there is a significant cost involved in terms of time and money which concerns the mobilisatio n of the project. This activity is

Writing and Researching Skills Self-Assessment Essay - 3

Writing and Researching Skills Self-Assessment - Essay ExampleIn this regard, the aim of the writing and questioning skills assessment is to proffer pertinent details that one(a) has learned about oneself in terms of the skills developed for writing and research finished the completion of these activities.The course has given one ample opportunities to write three-page articles and the required research root where pages ranged between eight to ten pages. At the onset, the number of pages to be written seemed to be an ominous task. As one received appropriate instructions on the writing techniques and guidelines for effective writing, confidence is slowly developed. The skills in selecting an appropriate topic for discussion, choosing the most effective authoritative references, and developing a cohesive paper were progressively honed. Due to the need for regular proofreading and reviewing the written drafts, one likewise developed proofreading skills and the chance to enhanced o nes vocabulary. There was recognition for the need to expend synonyms and expand comprehensive abilities through and through searching on meanings of unfamiliar terms that were encountered in secondary sources. Further, thither was emphasis on adhering to literary form and social organization through the observance of grammatical rules and tips for effective essay writing.One developed the skills in research through discerning authoritative and academic sources of information and the need to acknowledge other research through suitable citation and referencing. Also, given the magnanimity of information available from diverse sources, one was able to discern which references to use and which ones would be most beneficial for the identified research study. The skills of introspection were thereby aptly developed through the writing and research experiences throughout the course.Despite the number of articles and research paper written, one strongly believes that there is still a ne ed to further develop both skills

Amadeus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

A dous - Essay Exampleof Salieris percentage to come up with the plays main theme, however, different theories are being studied on the truth cigarette Mozarts death (Shaffer).I enjoyed this play because it was more realistic and the touch of tragedy and drama made it more interest and easier to understand. It also portrayed classic rivalry wherein there was jealousy, attempts of suicide and murder, and slight invoke of love and relationships which can also be seen in books and movies today. Compared to the tragedy play Romeo and Juliet, Amadeus was slightly more interesting from a male standpoint.What I disliked about this play was the thin line between assembly and non-fiction. It would be much better if it was a fiction or a non-fiction and not a crew of the two to enable the audience to relate it to their lives and resonate on the feelings it portray, in which case this play failed to do so. Another thing I disliked about it was the several revisions Shaffer did from the ori ginal play, I think, for others to believe on what was written, a writer must stick to its

Luftwaffe's Failure to Win the Battle of Britain Essay

Luftwaffes ill to Win the Battle of Britain - Essay ExampleBritain planned for German aggression called operation sea social lion and this plan was to establish German air superiority over southern England and the slope Channel, and aimed at struggle RAF and anything attached to it (Turner, 2010, p.38) resulting to the starting signal worlds strategic pelting campaign and interlocking in the air, the conflict of Britain. During the opening phase of the battle of Britain, the German planned to gain air superiority and this resulted to an attack by the Luftwaffe on the RAF fighter airfields named Eagle Day (Wyatt, 1940). Luftwaffe decided to attack British domestic shipping in the English Channel to draw out the RAF and suppress their fighting strength and even though the Germans do daily strikes against ship convoys, after sometime, Luftwaffe lost about 248 fighters and bombers to RAFs 148 fighters lost and this encouraged RAF to fight on and put on the battle (Wyatt, 1940). This essay presents an account for the for the Luftwaffes failure to win the battle of Britain. About 20 years ago, Europe lay at Hitlers feet and Britain faced its darkest hour as it was outnumbered and friendless as the German force continued its advance and this made them to see their defeat as being undeniable and their victory became legendary. RAF focused on shooting down all German planes from northern as closely as eastern France (Clayton & Craig, 2011, p.18). RAF had the high-performance Hawker Hurricane and Super marine Spitfire fighters whereas the Luftwaffes principal fighter planes were the Messerschmitt Bf109, the Messerschmitt Bf110, and numerous bombers Wyatt, 1940). The Luftwaffe failed to win the battle because they failed to exterminate the air defences of Britain to enable them launch an invasion- Operation Sea Lion, and they as well failed to bomb Britain into surrender since RAF had a well-established and effective spitfire and hurricanes controlled by ad vanced radar system and this prevented Luftwaffe from emerging victorious. Luftwaffe focused on using air campaign to threaten Britain and this campaign was aimed weakening RAF in order to make Britain indefensible to attack from the air, and to fulfil the basic precondition of invasion by establishing air superiority over the invasion of the South East England (Bungay, 2010, p.27). At the beginning of the battle, Luftwaffe focused on attacking shipping in the English Channel as well as coastal towns but later on, Goering changed his focus to completely destroy RAF, by attacking airfields and their radar bases. When the battle commenced RAF had less than 500 aircraft that were not capable of reaching German territory and therefore, the British preparations was based on avoiding defeat and conquest (Overy,2010, p.6-7). Many factors can explain the Luftwaffes failure to win the battle of Britain and many scholars have contributed largely in providing an explanation of the air battle and how the air campaign was developed. Firstly, German planes were constructed and designed for short distance tactical tricks and local air superiority, they lacked labored bombers (Wyatt, 1940), and they lacked quality fighters with the fuel endurance to act as escorts to the bombers they had. Germany lacked long-range bombers and was not able to field its first strategic bomber during the battle (Correll, 2008). On the contrary, Britain had a much more experienced and better equip fighting force and generally, RAF was strong and massively outnumbered German forces. Accordingly, more and better British fighters were available and localize to help RAF during the battle

Advantage and disadvantages of trade on the silk route Essay

Advantage and disfavors of trade on the silk route - move ExampleMuslims, Christians and Buddhists traded mostly in silk and gave it out as a sacred token in the do work of spreading their sacred beliefs. Buddhist monks travelled willingly to India whereas Islamic groups produced bulks of silk to trade in Eurasia, which facilitated the spread of religious beliefs between nations. Buddhists and Muslims spread their beliefs across India, China, and Japan (Omar, 2014).Acquisition of technology and innovation by the East from lands in the West was another advantage of the silk route (Omar, 2014). The Steppe nomads passed on harnesses, saddles and stirrups for use in animal transport. Mountain driveway construction and bridge construction was an essential addition to the people of the East.One of the disadvantages of the silk route was the spread of diseases such(prenominal) as smallpox, measles and bubonic plague. The route involved significant human traffic and hence patrician spr ead of the communicable infections. These infections were catastrophic in Europe killing many people (Omar, 2014).Another disadvantage was the rise of intermediaries involved in the trade. These intermediaries would charge hefty prices for the acquisition of goods hence making huge cyberspace and start acting like bullies to the Far East

WalMart and Target Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

WalMart and take aim - Essay ExampleSo when WalMart enters local market place it meets elfin competition. The opposite of cheap WalMart is an elite or high rate Target chain. Further I will compare these two sell companies in terms of general companies achievements, level of services and the move point - prices.Wal-Mart entered retail market in 1962 in Rogers, Ark. Through the next eight years society incorporated and went on public on the New York Stock Exchange. In 1971 Wal-Mart set sales come in for retail sales - 1 billion in sales per year. Up to 1991 Wal-Mart continued expansion on the American retail market Sams Club philosophy was developed and first mega stores were opened. And in 1991 Wal-Mart shifted to the international retail market, starting with retail center in Mexico City.According to the moroseicial press release of Wal-Mart, it is today the largest retail sales chain in the whole world with turnover around $285.2 billion in sales. The friendship employs 1. 6 million associates worldwide through more than 3,600 facilities in the United States and more than 1,570 units in Mexico, Puerto Rico, Canada, Argentina, Brazil, China, Korea, Germany and the United Kingdom. more(prenominal) than 138 million customers per week tour Wal-Mart stores worldwide. (http//www.walmartfacts.com/newsdesk/wal-mart-fact-sheets.aspx)As well as Wal-Mart, Target appeared on the re... In 1979 Target gained position of the Companys revenue top producer, in 1982 revenue reached - 5 billion USD. In 2000 Dayton Hudson Corporation changed its appellation to Target Corporation.According to Target Corporation annual report the Company had 45 billion dollars in sales. The company employs 0, 87 million associates in the United States and has 1308 trading facilities. More than 60 million customers visit Target stores weekly. (http//www.targetcorp.com/targetcorp_group/investor-relations/annual_report.jhtml) Level of ServicesLevel of services is defined by three major fac tors purchasing conditions, employees, cleanliness. When purchasing clothing and other products of the same group one has to choose style, quality, price and the like, plus the nurse and ease of shopping. On the psychological level people prefer elegance, a feel of free season and space. The service of Target permits this plus it provides the cleanliness around, which ensure satisfaction of a customer. Your comfort zone is satiated. Thus you do better purchasing decisions without that compelling urge to postponing a purchase.WalMart in-store atmosphere creates feeling of rush, it has no space for upcountry world of a customer. Of course prices in WaMart are lower but a customer has little time for choice as other customers are rushing trough store looking for a bargain.Even brand new WalMarts often looks dingy and dirty. Very few Target stores give off the dirty feel a customer has walking around a Walmart. Employees attitude to the customers are in very close dependence to the conditions created by the companies. In our situation Target employees are more warm and attentive than in WalMart.Prices.A price comparative

Men & Women Age Differently Essay Example for Free

Men Women Age Differently Essay The average life forecast is currently 78 years old, but was at 49 years at the turn of the century. thither is a widening age gap between men and women, such that among women who be 65-69, there are 81 guys for every 100 girls in the population. NY Times stated that the prospects for men are brighter than women. Men that carry through beyond the age of 85 are more(prenominal) likely than women to be in better wellness and to have more remaining independent life years. More men than women over the age of 85 are married than women, and women are more prone to disabling effects of chronic condition temporary hookup men are prone to fatal and chronic conditions. 23% of women age 85 or old(a) are at poverty level, while men are at 16%. The nations oldest and fastest growing population today is dominated by a disproportionately large procedure of unmarried women who are likely to be poor and impaired. Women value friendship more than me n, thus when a man is widowed- it is likely that he is alone while his friends are still married. Mens income after the age of 85+ seems to be substantially less than the income of women the age 85+. Men and women approach things differently, where women are more likely to ask for help and men are less likely to ask for help. So, there is a sample study that was done and the men in this sample study were more likely to be married, and less likely to be physically impaired in contrast to the women who are more dependent for personal assisted living and closer with their children, where men are not 3 Competencies indispensable to adapt to community living such as exercising control over the physical environment, maintaining affectionate integration, and sustaining a sense of well being and motivations.

American foreign policy Essay Example for Free

American unusual indemnity EssayForeign polity refers to the strategies that governments employ to guide their actions towards other countries. The U. S. foreign policy is founded on the principles of democracy and tenets liberalization (Goldstein, 2003). The U. S. foreign policy takes into account issues of human rights, economic growth and development, terrorism and environmental degradation and addresses them as challenges that can go around be addressed done democracy in countries and institutions throughout the humanity (Goldstein, 2003).The U. S. foreign policy has undergone authoritative transitions that match different historical periods in the world that include the World state of war I, the World War II, the Cold War, the post Cold War period and the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. The United Nations and the United States ar arguably the most influential players in the multinational system as well as in the globose governmental economics as a whol e.Having been formed with the main objective of promoting and achieving sustainable peace in the world, the United Nations remains the most dominant and most influential International Governmental Organization in the world (Roberts Kingsbury 1994).In theoretical terms, the fundamental significance of the United Nations as well as the operable challenges faced by the institution are illustrated in the theory of reality which states that there is no world government, or political authority above the state, a situation that ultimately reduces the international system to secure anarchy with the absence of any overarching political body with the capacity to enforce law and order among its peniss or nation states (Roberts Kingsbury 1994).The realism theory stresses on the centrality of the state, or nation state as the ultimate political authority in the politics of the international system. As such, the overriding motive of all states is self-preservation through maximization of p ower, a characteristic that effectively transforms the international system of a war of all against all (Goldstein, 2003). The realism theory further argues that stability is best achieved in the balance of power which can be achieved through increased interactions among states, with the most muscular kingdom playing the billet of a balancer (Goldstein, 2003).Today, the U. S. is the most powerful country in the world and has effectively assumed the role of a balancer in the international system, with the United Nations serving as the overarching political body with capacity to enforce law and order among its member states. Domestic familiar Attitudes toward Foreign Policy in the United States At the domestic level, the U. S. foreign policy enjoys a lot of project among the citizenry. According to a report by World Public Opinion. org, a strong majority of U. S. citizens have got of the U. S. involvement in the world.However, the number of U. S. citizens who feel disgruntled by the country foreign policies is growing steadily. The World Public Opinion. org has established that Americans overwhelmingly support the continued leadership role that the U. S. plays in the world. These findings were based on a 2006 GMF muse which indicated that 84 part of those polled saying it was desirable for the U. S to exert strong leadership personal matters, with 43 percent having been quoted as expressing a US global cultivate as being very desirable, and only 14 percent expressing their concerns about the U.S. global influence. However, the overwhelming support of the U. S foreign policy by its citizenry does support the role of the U. S. in global affairs as a hegemony, but rather supports the idea of shared leadership roles with other players in the international system. A significant segment of the U. S population believes that the U. S security has been threatened by the look the U. S. has been using the threats of military force as leverage in the internation al system.In a poll conducted by the World Public Opinion. org, 63 percent of the respondents were of the view that the U. S. military threats prompt other countries to be protective by developing and acquiring weapons of mass destruction. In another survey that was carried out in 2003 by the Chicago Council on Global Affairs, majority of the U. S. citizens faulted the war in Iraq, with 66 percent of the respondents believe that the war has had negative effects on the relations between the U. S. and the Muslim world.According to the survey, 64 percent of the respondents expressed concerns that the war will not promote democracy in the Middle East tour a further 61percent expressed fears that the war will not reduce the threat of terrorism. International Public Attitudes toward Foreign Policy in the United States There has been a growing disdain for the U. S. foreign policy in many countries throughout the world. The September 11 terrorist attacks and the subsequent U. S. war on ter ror are seen as having particularly caused dramatic shifts in U. S. foreign policy (Grant, 2004).The military operations in Afghanistan that take a crap been ongoing since October 2001 to date and the U. S. invasion of Iraq have taken toll on the image of the United States with spate from around the world and those in the Muslim countries in particular showing the menialest ratings for the U. S foreign policy. According to the pew Global Attitudes Project that is run by the Washington DC based Pew Research Centre, Americas image relative to the countrys foreign policy has dropped vastly over the years.According to the report of the project, the United States is trailing many countries in favorability ratings. Countries such as France, Germany, mainland China and Japan are more popular than the U. S in the European Union countries and Muslim countries. The study showed that while the ratings of the U. S were highest in Asian countries such as India, the favorability ratings of t he country dropped by 15 percent in India between 2005 and 2006. The study further indicated that levels of negative attitudes that the populations of Western Europe have towards America are even higher than they were in 2002 before the Iraq invasion.The Pew Global Attitudes Project report also showed low ratings for President George Bush both domestically and internationally, with the confidence in bush to make the right decisions in international affairs having dropped in seven of the eleven countries in 2005 as provided by the data that introduce the trends. The report further indicates a steady slump of rating for George Bush in European countries and among preponderantly Muslim populations. George Bush registered the largest slump of ratings in the U. S. from 62 percent in 2005 to 50 percent in 2006.In regard to the War on Terror, the Pew Global Attitudes Project reported an overwhelming reducing in international public support for the U. S led war on terrorism. With Muslim c ountries having evidently registered the highest levels of criticisms against the war on terror, Spain and Japan also registered almost virtual collapse of support for the counter-terrorism war. As of 2006, the support for war on terror in Spain had reduced to 19 percent from 63 percent in 2003 while Japan registered public support of 26 percent from 61 percent in 2002, fit in to information provided by the Pew Global Attitudes Project.

“The Yellow Wall-Paper” Character Analysis Essay Example for Free

The Yellow W only-Paper Character Analysis EssayThe heroines belief that her economize did not believe she was ill in The Yellow Wall-Paper was accurate. As mentioned, backside is a doctor and John is practical in the extreme. He has no patience with faith, an intense horror of superstition, and he scoffs openly at any talk of thing not to be felt and seen and put down in figures(639). Since psychological disorders are not seen, John dismisses his wifes warnings throughout the story, John does not know how much(prenominal) I really suffer. He knows there is no reason to suffer and that satisfies him (641). John simply feels that all she had to do was not think, He says no one buy myself hatful help me out of it, that I must use my will and self-control and not let any silly fancies run out with me (644).In addition, John was kept in town very often by serious cases (643) as if her case wasnt. When she tried to talk to him, for him to take her away because she was not gett ing better, he simply explained to her that she was better, whether you can see it or not. I am a doctor, dear, and I know (645) and even mocked her, Bless her short heart She shall be as sick as she pleases (645).It is confirmed that John didnt believe his wife when he finally realized how mentally disturbed she really was at the end of the story when he saw her creeping around and he fainted.One great example of the Christian cruelty as well as the humanity of the Indians is when they sent Morton off to an island to fend for himself and the Indians were the ones that came to his aid relieved by savages that took strike off that mine host was a sachem of Passonagessit, and would bring bottles of strong liquor to him and unite themselves into a league of brotherhood with mine host, so full of humanity are these infidels before those Christians(113).Add to this the fact that the separatists burnt-out down Mortons Maypole because they saw it as sacrilegious bad behavior. The setting up of this Maypole was a disconsolate spectacle to the precise separatists that lived at new Plymouth. They termed it an idol yea, they called it the Calf of Horeb and stood at defiance with the place, naming it Mount Dagon, gruelling to make it a woeful mount and not a merry mount (107).

The Old Man and the Sea Essay Example for Free

The previous(a) troops and the Sea EssayThe Old art object and the Sea A Tale of Betrayed Brotherhood In Ernest Hemingways novella The Old Man and the Sea, an aged angleer hu populace beings named capital of Chile faces the challenge of thingumabobing the largest seek of his life, an act he hopes will admit immortal impressiveness to his name. The accomplishment of this goal, how ever so, hinges on the act of put to deathing a beast capital of Chile oft deems his satisfactory, as exemplified by his recurring credit to the slant as a brother.The greyer mans longing for greatness negates any moral considerations he may have, though, until he realizes his own mortality, ext shoemakers exists that into a tactile property of equality with the weight, and the slants body is destroyed by sharks. Then he understands what he has through stripped the noble fish, his equal, of its pride. From that point on, he regrets his actions of betraying his brother.Therefore, thr oughout a majority of The Old Man and the Sea, capital of Chiles desire to achieve immortal greatness overshadows the immorality of his actions, but when the sharks destroy the animal(prenominal) embodiment of this achievement, the fish, he realizes that the end does non justify the actor immortal greatness is not obtained. capital of Chile, who is nearing the end of his life, has a preoccupation bordering on obsession with greatness. He continually speaks and thinks of Joe DiMaggio, the embodiment of greatness in the organize of a baseball player, and his roots as a poor fishermans son establish the attachment.He dreams of lions, the kings of the jungle, enjoying their domain on a beach. Greatness is clearly on Santiagos mind. In addition, he longs for the type of greatness that transcends human life he dreams of achieving immortality through the remembrance of his name in association with something great after his death. After battling the fish for many days, Santiago thinks, I am not good for many more turns. Yes you are, he told himself. Youre good for ever (Hemingway 70). His inner speech, particularly the last sentence, demonstrates his lofty, idealistic mindset.He views his existence as eternal thus, the type of greatness for which he yearns inferably fits this view and is thusly eternal as well. For Santiago, immortal greatness can further be achieved through fishing You were natural to be a fisherman and the fish was born to be a fish. San Pedro was a fisherman as was the father of the great DiMaggio (Hemingway 81). By extension, Santiago labels the rest of the subjects of the sentence as great due to the reference to DiMaggio, and because he specifically refers to his role in life (a fisherman) in this context, he believes it to be his means toward achieving this greatness.What wear out chance does he have than to bring in the greatest fish of his life, alone and in old age? Therefore, the fish he catches in the story is his chance at immort al greatness. Early in the story, before Santiago has even seen the fish, he thinks, If he will jump I can pop out him. But he stays down for ever. Then I will stay down with him for ever (44). This thought as well as illuminates the connection he feels between the fish and his glory If he does not catch the fish and bring it home, hope for his immortal existence dies because this greatness depends entirely on the fish, this fish.Throughout most of the novella, Santiago views the fish as beneath him, as something he is entitled to subdue. For example, he takes possession of the fish, the fish he thus believes he is destined to catch, by referring to it as his before anything even nibbles on his origin (Hemingway 24). Also, during Santiagos battle with the fish, he thinks, But, thank God, they are not as intelligent as we who kill them although they are more noble and more able (Hemingway 47).In the first half of this passage, he clearly places himself mentally above the fish howe ver, the second half introduces the respect Santiago holds for the fish, which brings into question his maintain feelings of superiority. In addition, he often refers to the fish as his brother, introducing a sense of relationship he feels with the creature (Hemingway 44, 47, 57, 71, 73). Yet the air of supremacy remains, despite these outward expressions of equality, because the old mans desire for greatness is so blindingly dominant.Santiago speaks aloud Ill kill him though, he said. In all his greatness and his glory. Although it is unjust, he thought. But I will show him what a man can do and what a man endures (Hemingway 49). In this quotation, Santiago recognizes the greatness of the fish and even contemplates the moral implications of his quest to kill it, but his coda that he needs to finish what he set out to do to prove mans dominance over the creatures of the sea, specifically his dominance to satisfy his hunger for greatness, overshadows his brief moral questioning.A lso, Santiagos references to the fish as a brother initially do not always signify kinship and equality. Once, he makes the claim that his cardinal hands and the fish are brothers the fish is only related to two small parts of his body (Hemingway 47). Albeit the hands are important parts to the fisherman, he still equates the fish to a portion of his body, not the whole self, which implies there is more to than man than to the fish. A little later, he calls the stars his brothers and expresses gratitude for not having to kill such great, distant beings (Hemingway 58).This minimizes both the fishs greatness and supposed pairing because Santiago clearly longs to be one amongst the stars (immortal greatness), despite, or perhaps because of, their admittedly ungraspable nature, in addition to battling a mere mortal fish. For these reasons, throughout much of the novella Santiago puts the fishs greatness at a lower place the quest for his own, despite selected words to the contrary. W hen Santiago comes to terms with his own mortality, however, he truly recognizes his equality with the also mortal fish.After days of battling the fish, his inescapable mortality rises to his mind for the first time Fish, the old man said. Fish, you are going to have to die anyway. Do you have to kill me too (Hemingway 70)? Here, Santiago realizes that more than the ability to obtain greatness lies in the hands of this fish his physical existence also hinges on the fishs actions. This thought humbles the old man, and minutes later he thinks, You are putting to death me, fish, the old man thought. But you have a right to. Never have I seen a great, or more beautiful, or a calmer or more noble thing than you, brother.Come on and kill me. I do not care who kills who (Hemingway 71). For the first time the word brother carries the weight it implies because Santiago sees both himself and the fish as mortal beings in a struggle for life. No longer does he assume superior rank over the fish instead, he recognizes the nobility of both beings as equal in his expression of unconcern for which dies. Shortly after this realization, Santiago succeeds in landing the fish however, only an hour later, sharks begin to attack the dead fish tied to the side of his boat, ripping flesh from bone, discovery it of its physical mortal greatness.At this point, the question of the morality of killing the fish once again surfaces You did not kill the fish only to keep alive and to sell for food. You killed him for pride and because you are a fisherman. You love him when he was alive, and you loved him after. If you love him, it is not a sin to kill him. Or is it more (Hemingway 81)? Because Santiago had previously established a kinship with the fish, he questions his pride-motivated actions, whether or not his obtaining of immortal greatness justifies killing a noble brother.It soon becomes clear that these means are not justified. Santiago begins to apologize to the fish numerous times, first for the sharks that mangle its body, then for killing it in the first place (Hemingway 85). Eventually, Santiago says, I shouldnt have gone out so far, fish, he said. Neither for you nor for me. Im sorry, fish (Hemingway 85). In this quotation, Santiago laments his quest for greatness (I shouldnt have gone out so far) and asserts that it destroyed both him and the fish.Therefore, despite the completion of his goal to catch a great fish, Santiago fails in his quest for immortal greatness because he realizes that killing a creature equal in greatness and nobility to himself, a creature he calls his brother, is ignoble. He even acknowledges this failure after he returns to shore, when he recognizes that nothing outside himself actually beat him in his quest And what beat you, he thought. Nothing, he said aloud. I went out too far (Hemingway 93). Only his desire for immortal greatness frustrated him and barred him from achieving it, that is, if it was ever possible for him to ac hieve it at all.Therefore, in Ernest Hemingways The Old Man and the Sea, Santiago fails in his quest to acquire immortal greatness. He begins by thinking of the fish as his to take, the means by which he can obtain greatness, but after realizing his own mortality he understands the fishs equality to himself and regrets taking its life, which led to the stripping of its flesh, its physical greatness. Thus, the nobility of both the old man and the fish are ruined, and he certainly fails to seal his name as an eternal armorial bearing of greatness. Perhaps his quest was doomed from the beginning immortal greatness was never possible for the old man.

Food memoir Essay Example for Free

Food memoir Essay For all of us, on that point atomic number 18 several kinds of food in our deep memories. These foods are different from others because they are not hardly what we eat but also what we experience. close week, when my teacher asked us which food existed in our deep memories, the first base virtuoso came to my mind was mung sift noodle. Each time mentioning Mung rice noodle, I will cerebrate of my wonderful childhood and scented home. IbelongtoTujia,oneoftheChineseminorities. Mungricenoodlehasbeen produced by Tujia people, and more or less of us are used to specify it our breakfasts. Simply, from the name, it comes from the marriage of golden gram and rice.However, Tujia people are used to add soybeans into the mixture of mung and rice. To be honest, I have neer made it by myself, instead, I saw my grandmother made it when I was in the first-string school. Firstly, my grandmother nettled the soybean, mung and rice in the water one day before using them. After one day, she grinded them into slurry by the millstone. Then, she brushed little colza oil in the iron pan and circled the slurry evenly in the pan. That was my first time knowing how to make Mung rice noodle and I can still cerebrate that the sporty smell of it jumped out just in one second.After it was done, my grannie put it in the hot water and added ginger, scallion, garlic, peper, chilli oil and content sauce. She smiled at me babe, you gonna finish it After eating it up, I understood why my grandma was so convinced(p) that I could finish it at the beginning. ThereisasweetstoryrelatedtoMungricenoodle. WhenIwasintheprimary school, my mother normally got up fractional an hour earlier than me to make Mung rice noodle as my breakfasts. She could always make sore flavors to surprise me. I was extremely curious that why she could make so some(prenominal) flavors, and I asked her. Shelooked at me mysteriously if I make the same flavor all the way, you will be b ored at breakfasts, that is not a good habit. At that time, I did not think too much on her answers. only if gradually, especially after studying abroad, I realize that the primary reason she made different flavors is that she loves me. Up to now, in my life, my mother is the only one who genuinely cares how is my breakfast. eating istheeasiestwaytomakeussatisfiedandfoodistheeasiest issuewewill remember. They may be a certain birthday cake, the dishes we ate with our first love, or the party dinner party in a special holiday.No calculate what it is, the memory for that moment will exist in our whole life. When we are old, we may forget the flavor itself at all. However, we will remember the feeling of surprise, warm, satisfied, felicitous and even pain till the end. 2nd draft Food memoir Mung rice noodle Ifyoucanchooseonlyonefoodasyourlife-longfood,whatisit? Forme,itis definitely the Mung rice noodle. IbelongtoTujia,oneoftheChineseminorities. Mungricenoodlehasbeen produced by Tujia people and most of us are used to make it our breakfasts. Simply, from the name, it comes from the marriage of mung and rice.However, Tujia people usually add soybeans into the mixture of mung and rice. Mostly, we buy original Mung rice noodle and add flavors as we like at home. To be honest, I have never made it by myself, instead, I saw my grandmother made it when I was in the primary school. Firstly, she soaked the soybean, mung and rice in the water one day before using them. After one day, she grinded all ingredients into slurry by the millstone and mixed them with the potato starch. Then, she brushed little colza oil, similar to the feed oil, in the iron pan and circled the slurry evenly in the pan.Imagine what Just in one second, the fresh smell of caramelized starch jumped out. After taking a breath, I touched the beans aroma in the air. gran was excited Come on, Joey, look at the grey-green circle lines here, are they like trees appendage rings. Yes, it really was That was my first time knowing how to make fresh Mung rice noodle. After it was done, grandma put it in the hot water and added sliced ginger, scallion, garlic powder, white pepper, chilli oil and meat sauce. She smiled at me girl, you gonna finish it After eating it up, I understood why my grandma was so confident that I could finish it at the beginning.Frankly, I cannot describe the flavor correctly now. However, one thing I am sure about is that, when eating it, I felt nothing else matters. Similartomanyyoungsters,Iliketogotobarsandenjoyhavingfunwithmy friends in the night. However, no matter how late I sleep, I will get up the next day to eat the breakfast. This habit is related to the Mung rice noodle. When I was in the primary school, my mother usually got up half an hour earlier than me to cook Mung rice noodle as my breakfasts. She could always create new flavors to surprise me. Gradually, the new flavor of the Mung rice noodle became my impetus to get up.Even more, I deem a tasty breakfast as the beginning of a great day. Once, I was extremely curious that why mom could create so many flavors, and I asked her. She looked at me mysteriously if I make the same flavor all the way, you will be bored at breakfasts, that is not a good habit. At that time, I did not think too much on her answers. But gradually, I have realized that the real reason she made variable flavors is that she loves me. After studying abroad, the most frequent questions from my mom is what is your breakfast. Up to now, in my life, my mom is the only one who genuinely cares how is my breakfast.For all of us, there are some foods in our deep memories. These foods are unique and unforgettable because they are not only what we ate but also what we experienced. Eating is the easiest way to make us satisfied and food is the easiest thing we will remember. They may be a certain birthday cake, the dishes we ate with our first love, and the party dinner in a special holiday. When we are ol d, we may forget the flavor itself at all. However, we will pull through in mind the feeling of surprise, warmth, satisfaction, happiness and even pain related to these foods because they are part of our lives.

Frankenstein by Mary Shelley Essay Example for Free

Frankenstein by Mary Shelley EssayThe novel Frankenstein is approximately a man named Victor Frankenstein who cherished to tamper with life and death by exploring un known powers, and unfold to the world the deepest mysteries of creation (Shelley, pg.44). The novel Frankenstein has had act popularity eer since its publication in 1818 for many reasons. The main reason is that Frankenstein is a book that teaches lessons and morals that readers of on the whole ages can appreciate and learn from for years to come. Frankenstein is a book that has been read and enjoyed by successive generations. In other words Frankenstein can be considered a classic novel. Frankenstein is a novel that shows the reader in that respect is a way to achieve immortality, but also reveals many important things about human nature and emotions.Frankenstein is a novel about how to defy death. Ever since Egyptians and their beliefs of a life after death, multitude give birth found overcoming death to be fascinating. Death is something that is non understood completely by humans, it is frightening as well as scary. This is portrayed in Frankenstein when the shaft is looked down upon by society because he looked unalike from them and they did not understand him. People are scared of what they do not understand, which is why they were frightened by Victors monster.The novel fascinates people because death has been overcome. Being able to create life from something that is non-living is just like cheating death. People like to have control over it, which is what people want in the first place. Frankenstein is a novel that shows the reader there is a way to defy death, which is why the novel has enjoyed continuing popularity ever since publication in 1818.Frankenstein reveals many things about humanity. The puppet has the same feelings that all humans do including love, anger, sadness, happiness, mix-up and so on. When talking of the family that the fauna fuckd beside in the woods he says, when they were unhappy, I felt depressed when they rejoiced, I sympathized in their joys (96). Just because the creature is able to distinguish between these emotions and have feelings for other forms of life is bounteous to say that he is human. The only thing that makes him different from human beings is the way he looks and the way he was brought into the world. Just because a baby is born with a deformity thatmakes them look different from other people does not mean they are not human, they are just different.Since the creature is considered human, Frankenstein shows the reader what can transcend to the human nature when it is ferocityed of all forms of dialogue and love from others. The author is trying to show that the creature had the ability to be a kind and decent being, but because it is denied the basic human needs of communication and love from others, it resorts to an evil attitude. The unfortunate creature was abandoned and everything it knows about life and values was completely self-taught. The creature resorts to evil doings because no one has taught him right from wrong or how to deal with the emotions that he is feeling.Victors creature feels abandoned by his creator and does not know how to deal with these feelings. He does not even know why he was created in the first place after the cottagers that he has grown to love cancelled their backs on him. The creature curses his creator and questioned his existence by saying, Cursed, cursed creator Why did I live?(98) These feelings towards abandonment are similar to the emotions that humans feel when people that are supposed to love them abandon them. The novel reveals many things about humanity that are not often discussed or thought about by humans.In conclusion, Frankenstein has experienced such insured success for several reasons. In one survey it is a simple novel about defying death and achieving what many people have been fascinated with for centuries, which is immor tality. On the other hand, it is an emotional story about a tragic creature that is forced to live in society that rejects him. It offers a close up into the creatures emotions and shows a side of humanity that people do not normally have the chance to see. Because Frankenstein fascinated the simple concept of death as well as the idea of the power of humanity to affect human emotions and reactions, it has become a novel that has been and will continue to be read for ages. Frankenstein is clearly a classic novel.

Arc of Justice Essay Example for Free

Arc of Justice EssayArc of Justice by Kevin Boyle does a lot to a greater extent than tell an account of an incident in 1920s Detroit, it goes deeper into the problems of people within the city as nearly as the city itself. The story focuses on Ossian Sweet, a man from a small town called Bartow, Florida whose parents send him up north so he could have a chance to make something of himself, which he did.This, however, did non change the fact that he was a black man living in early twentieth century America, and moved into the city of Detroit which was known to be the most segregated city in the coupled States (p. 44) Boyle digs into the personal life of Sweet, as well as the lives of people around him- black and white- to arrest the reader a clear, realistic aspect of how life was like in 1920s Detroit. The beginning of the myth depicts Sweets transformation from a country boy in Florida to an up-and-coming successful furbish up in the busy city of Detroit. At the mere age of thirteen, Ossian was sent from the small farm his parents henry and Dora had to the college in Ohio by the name of Wilberforce.There Ossian began his learning on a campus that was now where near as greatly funded as the white colleges like Harvard. From there he moved on to Howard University, where Ossian got an eye destroyer about himself as well as the problems with hunt. When he began his teaching in Harvard in the late 1910s, the race riots were a constant threat, and by living in Washington DC, Ossian got to see a lot of it.

George Orwell Essay Example for Free

George Or closely EssayA comparison between Dickens hard times Orwells 1984 I am writing about 2 un employs that bet to come across as precise different. Orwells novel portraying a nightmarish image of his opinionated future of Britain. Where as Dickens novel creates a spate to represent Victorian education over 150 years ago. Both of these storylines dehumanise and rank a society, both of very different kinds. Charles Dickens and George Orwells novels differ in the recreation of the society and in the plot of the actual storyline. The innocence of the children and the bleak severity of the head teacher is what dickens focuses on to showing his thoughts of Victorian schools. In which Orwell depicts a society where everything is bleak and distraught and dictated by a insensitive party, BIG BROTHER. Further more both novels were written at totally different generations, Dickens organism the Victorian times and Orwells being the mid nineteen hundreds. Despite all these issu es that divide the novels apart they front to come across as very similar.Within closer inspection of the novels they seem to both cover and powerise their societies. Orwell has used an empowering character as his leader he has created a party lead by BIG BROTHER. Where as in Dickens approach to create a leader he has used a less excessive and extreme character called Mr Gradgrind, the head teacher who just now implicates facts. Although he may not be as demanding as Orwells approach, he uses satire to dissolve the pupils mentality. Both of these characters apply a very dominating attitude towards there audience and offer them no thought and identity.Girl fig 20 6079 Smith Both authors shake off produced an atmosphere where people who are commanded by them, are refined as mindless objects rather than individuals with an imagination. This strips them down to nothing but factorised minds in one instance, and an imagination that scantily existed in Orwells novel. In an extrac t from Hard times, the author disembowels the imagination of the students and use the idea of Morgiana the 40 thieves. non unlike Morgiana looking into all the vessels ranged before him This gives an idea of Mr Gradgrind pouring the facts from his factorised mind, into the students damaged imagination. This compares with Orwells approach, where BIG BROTHER savagely demolishes the entire imagination and thought, as they suffer in a decayed dystopia. An additional contrast linking the novels in concert is, the stern and domineering party in both societies. The BIG BROTHER party emphasises the issue of them examine the society of the party members and this is persistently repeated in the novel.In which Mr Gradgrind constantly stresses the importance of facts and crushes the childrens minds, until they grasp the entailment of facts. In this life, we want nothing but facts, sir nothing but facts BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU These two reference books illustrate the emphasis and cons tant repetition of the parties. The author uses these effects to not only get the flick imprinted in the mind of the characters, but also into the readers. Furthermore, the BIG BROTHER party in Orwells novel, links very well with Dickens criticizing character, Mr Gradgrind.These two characters both contrast and appear as very similar in personality and in appearance. They both are displayed with a face that jolts the reader, and creates in their imagination a dash and depressing figure. The black-moustachioed face gazed down while the dark eyes looked into Winstons own While his eyes set up commodious cellarage in two dark caves, over shadowed by the wall The first quotation is Orwell showing his opinion of BIG BROTHER gazing with fear, and this compares extremely well with dickens attempt to create the comparable sort of atmosphere.Dickens expresses more scarce by using a metaphor to show his positioning of a leader, he also goes into more detail about the bold figure of Mr Gr adgrind. Not only do they link well in appearance, but also in attitude towards their society. Both seem to dictate, and show immense power on the regulations of their own society. In conclusion, I feel that both authors have created a society and atmosphere that both link together and show many similarities.Although they may well both show differences, they dont even compare with the shear amount of evidence that link the novels together. Each author has created authority, control and power to create an atmosphere that can dictate a whole society. In this case the societies are very alike and the tone of speech used by each author is often the same. In my opinion, these two novels equally portray a society that can create a vision for the reader to see a coup doeil of the past or what may be a glimpse of the future.

Learning Theories Essay Example for Free

acquirement Theories strainThis chapter takes a brief look at the two major be sickegories of evolution theories (behaviorism and per figivism), the major theorists inside those categories, and the implications of those theories for the habit of multimedia system system and communications and discipline engine room for t all in allying shoot fors. A separate section within the chapter provides a brief over spate of training based upon neuroscience and recent perk upies about the functioning of the brain. A series of links atomic bite 18 provided to nevertheless resources on cultivation possible action, neuroscience, and the brain. pic Our Technological Revolution and the Implications for the Way We Learn We engender all experient a breeding minute of arc when we were so focussed or engulfed in the instruction, that all(prenominal)thing else did not matter. Candidly, the raison detre or demand for our focus may ca-ca been that we had a boss or t ap ieceer breathing d deliver our get laid or an impending exam was to quantify our level of cognition or password or a naval divisionicular moment necessitated that a skill be learned very quickly.Regardless of the motivating factors for this moment of focussed cultivation, the experience is what psychologists Mihaly Czikszentmihalyi and Ellen Langer label in their respective theories, as moments of optimum flow or hearfulness. tally to psychologist Mihaly Czikszentmihalyi, optimum flow occurs when Alientation binds way to involvement, enjoyment replaces boredom, helplessness turns into a feeling of control, and psychic energy workings to reinforce the sense of self, instead of being lost in the service of external goals. (Czikszentmihalyi, 1990, p. 9) Replicating much(prenominal) moments of optimum flow is the job of educators regardless of the domain, whether it be school, the workplace in job training, or the military, etc. Moreover, real acquirement theorists ar advoc ating the greater usage of engine room, namely computers, in erudition situations because they see enormous emf of computer technology to replicate these optimum moments of flow. acquirement is a personal act. We each place our own personal stamp on how we learn, what we learn and when we learn. We in effect sacrifice our own reading style.Howard Gardners speculation of mul circus tentle experiences which acknowledges tuition as an holistic experience is, at present, one of the most well cognise descriptors of humanity cognitive profiles. The act of knowledge is paradoxical in nature. It chiffonier at times break through to be a very simple act. So simple, that we do not question its battlefront in how we go about our daily activities, for it is natural to our populace as learning organisms. Yet, when we encounter difficulties in learning something, we no longer take the learning surgery for granted. It is only then that our metacognition or aw arness of how we l earn is h eightsomeened. discipline is taken for granted as a natural appendage. As simple a execute it may seem, the root of to a lower placestanding how we learn is not as straight forth. The existence of numerous translations and theories of learning attest to the complexness of this mold. A random sampling of any instructional psychology text pull up stakes illustrate the variance in views to what exactly is learning and how we do learn. In Educational Psychology An Introduction, for example, the authors write, Learning implies a change in the individual as a result of some intervention. It may be viewed as an outcome or as a process. (Belkin and Gray, 1977, p. 211) While this definition reflects a behaviorist view of learning, for it equates learning as an outcome, it is a starting point for the authors to expand their description of learning into umpteen some other realms, namely the contrary theories of learning. They in effect, devote a whole chapter of their te xt just to withdraw the many a(prenominal) ways of defining learning. While it may seem somewhat premature to prize the aforementioned definition of learning and to equate it with a specific scheme, it is authoritative to recognize that intervention in the learning process hatful imply many different things.The degree of intervention, by who or what and how, are the defining factors of a learning hypothesis. These factors help distinguish the many different theories. As you leave alone see these theories are not stagnant. They are evolving and changing as we discover refreshed ways of viewing human cognition. The mechanistic exercise of the mind of the behavior era has given way to the logical-computational stumper favored by artificial intelligence and cognitive science theorists (McLellan, 1996, p. 6). Don Tapscott, in his book Growing Up Digital The Rise of the lucre Generation, argues that we are now in a digital era of learning.According to Tapscott, a transformation in learning is taking place from what he labels broadcast learning to inter nimble learning. No longer are todays generation of learners satisfied in being the passive recipients of the traditional direction process, quite an, they want to discover it for themselves by becoming interactive with the learning. The net generation children using GlobaLearn a web site, are beginning to process education and learn differently than the boomers before them.New media as well asls offer great promise for a new model of learning one based on discovery and relegateicipation. (Tapscott, 1998, p. 127) Tapscotts thesis that the technological revolution is permeating every aspect of our lives forces us to turn out the use of computer technology as learning devices. Such fast social, economic and general lifestyle change, due in essence to the technological revolution, begs the question based on learning theory, why does the use of computers as a learning tool make sense?This chapter exit answer this question by profiling the many learning theories. pic The Spectrum of Learning Theories As a look back of the literature of learning theories will illustrate on that point are many labels being utilize to describe the many theories. Moreover, there are many theorists coadjutord with each approach. A categorization of these labels and theorists will help in understanding these fundamental theories. The spectrum of learning theories consists of many approaches or ways of explaining how humans learn.A description of each of these theories will suffice in providing you with enough knowledge to smallly examine the use of computer technology as a learning device. The resume of each theory will consist of the associated names of the theory a description of the theory theorists associated with the theory hyperlinks on the World Wide electronic network Diagram 1 The two extremes behaviorism Constructivism The extremes of this learning theory spectrum are represent ed by respectively, the Behaviorist and Constructivist theories of learning.As theories stressful to explain the same thing, they are bipolar based on their respective views of how knowledge is acquired and the intervention of tools of learning (teachers or instructors). As a context to better understand all of the theories of learning presented in this chapter, examine these two extremes first and then place the remaining theories onto the spectrum. pic Behaviorism The Associated Names of this Theory Behaviorism labeled as a learn approach is often resuscitatered to as directed instruction.As you compare this theory with the Constructivist view of learning, this label will become self-evident. Also in contrast to Constructivism, it has been labelled an objectivist theory of learning. Theorists associated with Behaviorism J. B Watson E. L Thorndike B. F Skinner A comment of Behaviorism The concern or speech pattern of Behaviorism is discernable indicators that learning is takin g place. Contrasting this view of learning is the emphasis of cognitive psychologists who equate learning with the mental processes of the mind.Behaviorists do not deny the existence of these mental processes. In fact, they acknowledge their existence as an unobservable indication of learning. The focus of Behaviorism is on the conditioning of observable human behavior. J. B Watson, the father of Behaviorism, defined learning as a sequence of stimulus and rejoinder actions in observable cause and effect relationships. The behaviorists example of classical conditioning demonstrates the process whereby a human learns to respond to a neutral stimulus in such a manner that would typically be associated with an unconditioned stimulus.The accompaniment example often cited with classical conditioning is the case of Pavlovs dog. The focus of Pavlovs experiment was the digestive process in animals. In conducting the experiment, Pavlov noticed that the dog would salivate (response), upon hearing the ringing of a bell. This occurred because the dog had learned to associate its unconditional stimuli (normally feeding), with the neutral stimuli of the bell ringing simultaneously with the feeding process. Watson, believed that the stimuli that humans ascertain may be generated inherently (for example hunger), or externally (for example, a loud noise).B. F. Skinner expanded on the knowledge skill of Behaviorism, established by Watson, and on the work of Edward Thorndike, by focussing on operant conditioning. According to Skinner, unpaid worker or automatic behavior is either strengthened or weakened by the immediate presence of a reward or a punishment. The learning principle shtup operant conditioning is that new learning occurs as a result of positive reinforcement, and old patterns are abandoned as a result of negative reinforcement. (Belkin and Gray, 1977, p. 9) In his book entitled, The Technology of Teaching, Skinner wrote The application of operant conditioni ng to education is simple and direct. Teaching is the arrangement of contingencies of reinforcement under which students learn. They learn without teaching in their natural environments, solely teachers arrange special contingencies which expedite learning, hastening the appearance of behavior which would otherwise be acquired slowly or reservation sure of the appearance of behavior which otherwise never occur. (Skinner, 1968, p. 4) Skinner believed that much complex learning could be achieved by this process of contingencies and reinforcement through successive shows in the shaping process, the contingencies of reinforcement being changed progressively in the direction of the required behavior. (Skinner, 1968, p. 10) Applying the theoretical principles of Behaviorism to learning environments, it is easy to recognize that we fuddle many behaviorist artifacts in our learning solid ground. A dissection of the traditional teaching approaches used for years would reveal the sin ewy influence that Behaviorists meet had on learning.The concept of directed instruction, whereby a teacher is providing the knowledge to the students either promptly or through the set up of contingencies, is an excellent example of the Behaviorist model of learning. The use of exams to pecker observable behavior of learning, the use of rewards and punishments in our school systems, and the breaking rase of the instruction process into conditions of learning (as developed by Robert Gagne), are all further examples of the Behaviorist influence. With the advent of the computer in school, C. A.I. , or computer-assisted instruction has become a prominent tool for teaching, because from a Behaviorist perspective, it is an effective way of learning. CAI uses the physical exercise and practice approach to learning new concepts or skills. The question acting as the stimulus, elicits a response from the user. Based on the response a reward may be provided. The contingencies of learning are translated into different levels of the program. Rewarding the user to a different level for correct responses follows exactly the approach of operant conditioning.Educators have espoused CAI as an effective teaching approach because it furnishs for self-paced instruction and it liberates them from the direct instruction of all their students so as to focus on those students with particular get hold ofs. Hyperlinks to Behaviorist Web Pages http//www. coe. uh. edu/srmehall/theory/theory. hypertext markup language http//tecfa. unige. ch/edu-comp/edu-s94/contrib/schneider/learn. fm. htmlREF13085 http//www. sil. org/lingualinks/library/literacy/fre371/vao443/TKS2569/tks347/tks734/ http//mse. byu. edu/ipt301/jordan/learnterm_b. html pic Constructivism The Associated Names of this TheoryConstructivsm is recognized as a unique learning theory in itself. It however, may be associated with cognitive psychology because as a theory of learning it focuses on a learners capability to me ntally construct meaning of their own environment and to create their own learning. As a teaching practice it is associated with different degrees of non-directed learning. The term constructivsm is linked to Cognitive and Social Constructivsm. Theorists associated with Constuctivism John Dewey Lev Vygotsky Jean Piaget Jerome Bruner Seymour Papert Mitchell Resnick A Description of ConstructivismThe merits of Behaviorist learning theory and of their teaching practices are well documented. They have served well in teaching a developing North Ameri seat population over the past six decades. Behavioral learning theory manifested itself in creating a systematic approach to teaching. Robert Gagne and Leslie Briggs, in their book, Principles of Instructional Design, combined Behaviorist principles of learning with a cognitive theory of learning named Information-Processing. The focus of the latter theory in this combination was of the internal processing that occurred during a learning mo ment.The design of instruction must be undertaken with suitable attention to the conditions under which learning occurs. With reference to the learner, learning conditions are both external and internal. These conditions are in turn mutually beneficial upon what is being learned. How can these fundamental sentiments be used to design instruction ? How can they be utilize to the design of single lessons, of courses, and of entire systems of instructions ? (Gagne and Briggs, 1974, p. 14) Gagne and Briggs principles of instructional design broke mass the teaching process into a systematic process of nine steps.It is in effect, this type of systematic approach to teaching that acted as the catalyst for the creation of another view of the way humans learn. Behaviorist learning theory had served its purpose and its approach and goals were becoming outdated according to Constructivists like Seymour Papert. Constructivist learning theory sought to improve on what Behaviorist learning t heory had already established by focussing on the motivation and ability for humans to construct learning for themselves. It viewed Behaviorism as being too teacher centered and directed.Constructivists regarded the educational system as a process of matching skill objectives with test items. It was void of meaningful learning. They excessively saw the teaching process focus too much on individual work rather than on group work. The final critique of Behaviorist learning theory from the Constructivist perspective helped define the amount of Constructivism. To imply that knowledge is separate to the human mind and that it must be transferred to the learner in a teacher centered approach fundamentally was counter to the Constructivist theory of learning.Constructivists believe that all humans have the ability to construct knowledge in their own minds through a process of discovery and problem-solving. The tip to which this process can take place naturally, without structure and tea ching is the defining factor amongst those who advocate this learning theory. Jean Piaget, a Swiss psychologist, observed human development as progressive stages of cognitive development. His intravenous feeding stages, which commence at infancy and progress into adulthood, characterize the cognitive abilities necessary at each stage to construct meaning of ones environment.Seymour Papert, psychologist and modern critique of Behaviorist teaching methods, writes in his book, The Childrens Machine Thus, constructionism, my personal reconstruction of constructivism has as its main feature the fact that it looks more closely than other educational -isms at the idea of mental construction. It attaches special importance to the division of constructions in the world as a support for those in the head, thereby becoming less of a purely mentalist doctrine. (Papert, 1993, p. 42) As the inventor of LOGO, the programming tool for children, Papert too believed that children as learners hav e a natural curiosity to construct meaning of their world. The educational system as Papert saw it was too structured and it stifled this natural curiosity. The means by which children were being taught relegated them to a role of passive recipients of the teaching hence, they were not motivated to construct any learning for themselves. Learning according to Constructivists is a question of motivating an individual to attach new meaning to past cognitive experiences.According to Papert It constuctivsm does not call in question the value of instruction as such. That would be silly Even the didactics (endorsed if not originated by Piaget) that every act of teaching deprives the child of an opportunity for discovery is not a categorical imperative a getst teaching, nevertheless a paradoxically expressed reminder to keep it in check. The constructionist view to teaching is not at all dismissive because it is minimalist the goal is to teach in such a way as to produce the most learni ng for the least teaching.Of course, this cannot be achieved simply by reducing the quantity of teaching while leaving everything unchanged. The principle other necessary change parallels an African proverb If a man is hungry you can give him a fish, but it is better to give him a line and teach him to catch fish himself. (Papert, 1993, p. 139) Paperts desire to have children become motivated learners, critical thinkers, problem-solvers and metacognitionists is to be achieved through educational reform that provides the learner with the necessary tools to participate and to take ownership of the learning process.According to Papert, the computer is the appropriate tool to achieve such desired educational reform. These desired objectives of Papert and others who handle the Constructivist view of learning are coming closer to reality as more people discover the power of computer technology. From Donald Tapscotts perspective, Paperts desired reality is happening now, as a paradigm shi ft to more interactive learning due to the exploitation of the digital media is taking place in our learning institutions.Tapscott cites eight shifts in learning today From linear to hypermedia. From instruction to construction and discovery. From teacher-centered to learner-centered education. From absorbing material to learning how to voyage and how to learn. From school to lifelong learning. From one-size-fits-all to customized learning. From learning as torture as learning as fun. From the teacher as transmitter to the teacher as facilitator. Hyperlinks to Constructivist Web Pages http//www. tcimet. net/mmclass/summer/CHPTales. tm http//www. coe. uh. edu/srmehall/theory/construct. html http//www. gwu. edu/tip/bruner. html http//www. mamamedia. com/areas/grownups/people/seymour. html http//www. mamamedia. com/areas/grownups/home_alt. html http//lynx. dac. neu. edu/home/httpd/t/tjohnson/papert%20history. htm pic Fitting the other Theories onto the Spectrum The two extreme s of the spectrum have been outlined (refer to diagram 2). Inherent within each of these two extremes are think theories. Diagram 2 (Spectrum Summary)Behaviorism Constructivism Directed Instruction Non-directed Instruction Objectivist Constructivist Teacher-centered Learner-centered Behavioral observations Cognitive operations Focus on the individual Group work is emphasized More focussed on one approach More holistic in approach Fundamentally, Constructivism is a cognitive learning theory because of its focus on the mental processes that construct meaning.Other learning theories equated with cognitive psychology are Information-Processing theory, Scaffolding theory (associated with the Russian philosopher Lev Vygotsky) and intelligence-based learning theory (associated with neuroscientists such as Marian Diamond and Robert Sylwester and educator Susan Kovalik). Information-Processing theory regards human learning as being analogous to a computer and its ability to store computer storage. As humans we process information ab initio with our senses. This information is either processed into our short term memory or it is lost. If this information is used and accomplished it is only then put into long term memory. Lev Vygotsky thought that our cognitive development was directly related to our social development.The culture we live in influences our social and cognitive development according to Vygotsky. He further recognized the differences of how the world is seen by children and by adults. Vygotsky labelled this difference in cognitive ability as the zone of proximal development. The job of educators was to identify this zone and to find out where the child was situated in this zone and build upon their specific level through a scaffolding process. Building from what the learner knows is in essence, anchoring the learning on past experience. Such anchoring is fundamental to Constructivist theory of learning. Computer technology is viewed by Seymo ur Papert as an excellent means to anchoring learning to meaningful experiences.The complexity of understanding how humans learn is reflective of our complexity as biological, social and cognitive animals. Many theories exist, all focussing on different aspects of our make-up as humans. Each theory is an start out to explain how we learn, act and behave Sigmund Freud focussed on our sub-conscious, Skinner on our observable behavior, cognitive psychologists on our mental processes, humanistic psychology on our social and interpersonal development. Howard Gardner took a more holistic approach in describing our cognitive profiles. His classification of human intellectual ability into heptad intelligences incorporates many aspects of psychology to define the cognitive behavior of humans.Before moving on to Multiple Intelligences , refer to the following hyperlinks for information on other learning theories. http//mse. byu. edu/ipt301/jordan/learning. html pic Theory of Multiple Intell igences Human intelligence should not be equated solely with linguistic or logical-mathematical intelligence alone, according to Howard Gardner. As the author of a new way of looking at human intelligences, Gardner, a Harvard professor, identified a total of septenary different intelligences that humans may possess. His list includes Linguistic intelligence Logical-mathematical intelligence Spatial intelligence tuneful intelligence Bodily-kinesthetic Interpersonal intelligence Intrapersonal intelligenceGardner is working on more intelligences that qualify as cognitive processes Multiple intelligences theory, on the other hand, pluralizes the traditional concept(Gardner, 1993, p. 15) Gardners fascination with human intelligence and how the brain works was started with an investigating of people who had experienced brain damage of some sort. He recognized that not all abilities, whether cognitive or motor- afferent, were eliminated from the individuals repertoire despite hav ing endured some form of brain damage. Gardner hypothesized that we possess more than one form of intelligence. The theory of aggregate intelligences provides a more holistic view of the intelligence of humans.Gardner advocates that we may all attempt to develop each of these intelligences to our optimum level. However, we may be more adept in only accepted of these intelligences. We may however, aspire through practice and development to improve in the remaining intelligences. The use of technology appeals to this view of intelligence in that Gardners theory acknowledges that cognition is not a linear process. The computer as a learning tool has enormous potential in developing the different forms of intelligences of Gardners theory. Hyperlinks to Multiple Intelligences Web Pages http//www. athena. ivv. nasa. gov/curric/weather/adptcty/multint. html picLearning Theories and the Brain What is Learning? Learning is the process by which we receive and process sensory data, encode su ch data as memories within the neural structures of our brain, and retrieve those memories for later(prenominal) use. The transformation of information stored within such memories is enormous, including such items as how to control your sphincter muscle until a socially appropriate occasion, how to identify mommy in a crowd, how to ride a bicycle, what is the shortest path to grandmothers house without going near the lair of the wolf, what is the tune for Beethovens Ode to Joy, and what a philosopher means when she says The cat is on the mat. All learning takes place within the brain, and as our understanding of the underlying structures and processes of the brain increases we can begin to apply that knowledge to improve our construction of learning environments. Our ability to describe and understand the basic processes by which our brain learns has been enhanced by recent technological developments and by the accumulation of long-term studies in human and animal populations. Of particular benefit has been the development of brain-imaging techniques that allow us to observe the operation of normal human brains during the performance of a variety of tasks. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and similar technologies have allowed researchers to play neural activity during sensory data processing and monitor the transfer of information into long-term memory.Researchers have also made great strides in determining the basic mechanisms that underlie the transmission of information within the brain. Such research on brain structure, neural transmitters, and the process by which memories are stored and retrieved have allowed the development of neuro-physiological models of learning. Although neuroscience has provided us with an increasingly rich and accurate descriptive theory of learning within the brain, we still need prescriptive theories of how to maximize the efficiency and capacity of human learning. To some extent all learning theories are prescriptive and se ek to minimize the time required to transfer information into memory and maximize the efficiency of retrieving that information.Our current knowledge of the brain, and our speculations regarding the evolutionary function of learning, should assist such prescriptive theories in designing learning environments that provide for maximum learning efficiency. In particular, prescriptive theories informed by our current knowledge of neuroscience should allow us to evaluate the role of multimedia in learning environments. We should also be able to maximize the opposition of multimedia in such environments through application of learning theories and our knowledge of the human brain. Learning environments should not be construed simply as the traditional formal classroom within the context of commit public education. Such environments occur within the workplace, the home, and other social institutions as communication and information technology continues to penetrate Western society.We sho uld also be aware that the use of multimedia will have an impact upon the development of the human brain, particularly when such techniques are used with children and adolescents whose brains are still developing and maturing. pic The Brain The three-pound universe that is our brain consists of more than 100 billion neurons and the associated structures that organize, nourish, and protect their functioning. Each neuron may have amid 5,000 and 50,000 connections to other neurons, forming a dense connective mat that allows the storage of enormous amounts of information. It is important to conceive that structures within the brain continue to develop until late adolescence and that neurons will continue to grow connections to other neurons end-to-end adult life. pic Brain StructuresThe diagram above shows four basic structures in the brain that are important for bodily functions and for learning and memory. The brain stem is primarily concerned with basic survival functions and the regulation of embody systems. The cerebellum is involved in the performance of automatic movement patterns (walking, running, touch-typing, and other physical skills that can become part of automatic procedural memory). The limbic system is responsible for the processing of short-term memory into long-term memory as well as the generation and regulation of emotions. The cerebral cortex is the area of the brain in which sensory data is received and analyzed, decisions are made, and behavioral responses are activated.Information is received from the major sensory organs of the body eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and skin and is held briefly in sensory memory. The further processing of that information appears to be dependent upon the state of emotional arousal of the brain and the utility of such information for potential survival. semipermanent memories are generated through the growth and spread of neural connections between those modular structures that contain the memory (Sylwester, 1 995, pp. 89-90). The more often such structures are activated and the stronger the connections become to associated structures, the more easily such memories are retrieved and used by the brain in decision making and conscious thought.To some extent the driving forces behind the way our brain processes sensory input and makes decisions are the survival imperatives that accompanied human physical and ethnical evolution. Our brains reflect the importance that survival places upon evaluating potential threat situations, making a quick response, and focusing all body resources on support of those functions that may lead to continued survival. In high-threat situations the focus of the brain will be almost exclusively upon what is identified as the potential threat while the body shuts down relatively unimportant systems to concentrate on those involved in the fight-or-flight response.Low-threat situations allow the brain to sample and evaluate a broader spectrum of sensory input and to analyze such input for future use. Thus a queen-sized looming shadow in the cave mouth tends to generate fear, prompting the body to shut down digestion, kernel more adrenaline, and prepare the cerebellum to handle the process of running while the cerebral cortex looks for places to hide or make a stand. Strong negative emotion tends to evoke the fight-or-flight physiological and mental responses that shut down high-level cognition. A premium should therefor be placed upon the reduction of those factors within a learning environment that give rise to negative emotions.At the same time, sensory input that does not receive attention is not available for processing through short-term into long-term memory. Clearly a poise must be struck between too much and too little stimulation in learning situations. Some stimulation and motivation is necessary for the learner to pay attention to the data that they are required to learn on the other hand too much stimulation (particularly in a ne gative context) is liable to create anger or fear as an emotional response, either of which can serve to reduce the amount of learning carried out within the environment. It appears that the limbic system plays an important part in the process of storing information as long-term memories.Those activities that provide an emotionally supportive environment may well have a positive effect upon the processing of information into long-term storage and subsequent retrieval of those memories. Group activities, co-operative learning, role-playing, and simulations tend to provide emotional support and emotional context for learning. Retrieval of long-term memories is enhanced when a large number of connections have been established between the neural modules that store such memories. To some extent our growing knowledge about the organization of the brain tends to support those theories of learning that can generally be labeled as constructivist. That is, situated knowledge that is connected to a large number of other memories is more apt to be recalled than is unconnected knowledge that has been learned by rote.Because the process of creating connections between ideas and memories is essentially carried out through a process of rehearsal and review, learners should be encouraged to review knowledge that is being learned and attempt to build connections to that knowledge that is already easily retrieved from long-term memory. Such cognitive tools as narration, story-telling, constructing metaphors, and making comparisons are strategies that help to build and maintain connections. The construction of knowledge is essentially the growing of connections between the neural modules that contain individual memories. pic Implications for Learning Theory If the apparent symmetry between contemporary brain-based learning theories and constructivism is accurate, then basic guiding principles of constructivism should be used in designing learning environments.These principles inc lude 1. Learning is a search for meaning. Therefore, learning must start with the issues around which students are actively essay to construct meaning. 2. Meaning requires understanding wholes as well as parts. Parts must be tacit in the context of wholes. Therefore the learning process focuses on primary concepts, not isolated facts. 3. In order to teach well, we must understand the mental models that students use to understand the world, and the assumptions that support those models. 4. The purpose of learning is to construct ones own meaning, not to have the right answers by repeating someone elses meaning.Learning is inherently inter-disciplinary, and the only valuable assessment of learning is assessment that is part of the learning process and that provides students with information on the quality of their learning. (On Purpose Associates, 1998b) Such learning environments should also be designed around the ideas that come forward from brain-based learning. That is, they shou ld employ the three instructional techniques associated with brain-based learning orchestrated immersion, where learning environments are created that enoughy immerse students in a learning experience relaxed alertness, where an effort is made to eliminate fear while maintaining a exceedingly challenging environment and active processing, where the learner consolidates and internalizes information by actively processing it (On Purpose Associates, 1998a).Learning environments constructed with these principles in mind will tend to be organized around thematic units featuring knowledge in depth and the geographic expedition of projects that have real meaning for the participating learners. pic Implications for Multimedia How should we then use multimedia presentations of information to effectively learn in the context of current brain-based learning theory? The communications and information technology that constitutes contemporary multimedia platforms has some significant advantage s in creating a learning environment, but there are some pitfalls that must be accounted for as part of the learning process. Multimedia, at its best, allows us to receive the real world to the learner through the use of sound and video.Such connection to the real world should serve as a factor in motivating students, and as a factor in providing them with additional connections to other knowledge structures. At the same time, multimedia allows students to experience information through ten-fold modes of presentation. Such multi-modal learning should help to build connections within the learners brain if only because multiple modes of reception will engage different areas of the learners brain. Contemporary multimedia platforms allow a greater degree of learner control and more freedom for the learner to undertake self-directed exploration of the material. Such self-directed learning is likely to be more meaningful and more connected to active knowledge structures within the lear ners brain.Therefore, we should see advantages for learning programs that include multimedia presentations. Learners should also gain from the possibility of self-paced instruction based upon contemporary multimedia learning technology. Whenever possible, immediate feedback should be built into a multimedia program to assist students in forming correct connections prior to reinforcing connections between new and old information incorporated within existing knowledge structures. Designers of multimedia instructional packages should take comfort in the strengths of multimedia, but they should also be aware of potential problems in using multimedia with learners.Although current multimedia technology allows excellent presentation in both video and audio modes, and provides some tactile feedback through the use of keyboards, there is little to offer students who need tactile experience ? multimedia is essentially a bimodal presentation strategy unless additional work is done to prepare material for students. Even the best multimedia programs cannot provide the total stimulation that natural environments provide? we have yet to incorporate smell or taste into such presentations, and tactile sensations are still limited. More importantly, there is a clear risk of exposure that multimedia programs may be used to substitute for interaction with other learners.We should not be seduced by technical virtuosity or cutting-edge visual and aural effects, there is still a need for human interaction and emotional support. Above all else, we should beware of the tendency to substitute passive learning for active learning. Multimedia provides significant advantages in presenting information to learners, particularly if sufficient resources have been invested to create presentations that make full use of current technology. Presentation of information, no matter how technically sophisticated, is not enough learners must interact with content to construct their own meanings and integrate new knowledge into the dense web of neural connections that is mind and memory. pic