tom ford :: essays research papers

TOM FORD     Born in Texas in 1962, Tom Ford went on to become arguably the most influential designer of the last decade. Having initially trained as an actor, he studied interior architecture at Parsons trail of Design until 1986, and went on to take positions at Perry Ellis and Cathy Hardwick, before joining Gucci in 1990.     Ford was hired by Guccis then creative music director Dawn Mello as chief womens ready-to-wear designer, and later appointed design director. When, in 1994, Gucci was acquired by a Bahrain-based investment firm called Investcorp, Ford was promoted to creative director and moved to Milan with his partner, diarist Richard Buckley.      In his first year at the helm, he was credited with putting the glamour back into fashion introducing Halston-style velvet hipsters, skinny satin shirts and car-finish metallic patent boots. In 1995, he brought in French stylist Carine Roitfeld and photographer Mario Testino to create a series of new, modern ad campaigns for the company. By 1999, the house, which had been almost bankrupt when Ford joined, was valued at about $4.3 billion. "We didnt even pass water a photocopier at one stage," he admits. "We didnt have any paper." In 2000, Ford was named Best International former at the first VH1/Vogue Awards in New York.     After Gucci bought a controlling stake in Yves Saint Laurent, Ford was appointed creative director of YSL, too, and communications director of the houses ready-to-wear business, while continuing to design for Gucci. A mighty challenge certainly, but Ford was adamant he could keep the ii labels distinct. "Historically, Gucci is Sophia Loren. Yves Saint Laurent is Catherine Deneuve. Theyre both sexy," he told British Vogue in February 2001. "Its just that Gucci is a little more obvious than Saint Laurent. The YSL woman might truss her boyfriend up and drip hot wax on him be fore they have sex, for instance. The Gucci woman is just going to have sex."     Ford believes that he owes his triumph not to talent, but to his energy. He admits to sleeping just two or three hours per night, keeping post-it notes beside the bed in case he wakes up with an idea. " in that location are many more talented designers than me," he once told an audience at the V&A in London. "But I have a lot of drive and wont let it go." He also credits his "mainstream" appeal. "Im lucky, I have mass-market tastes," he says. "When I say I like a shoe, generally thousands of people will like it.

Essay --

Ethiopias current leader, Mulatu Teshome Wirtu, elected as their president since October 7, 2013. Ethiopias current government is Federal republic and Parliamentary republic, and their bailiwick language is Amharic Language. The Masked DictatorMeles Zenawi, the former leader of Ethiopia, was a very confusing man with a mixed legacy. To the rest of the world, Zenawi seemed homogeneous peaceful leader that was pushing Ethiopia forward economically and as a demesne. He was a man of many an(prenominal) faces that had done many things good and many things bad. The bad was hidden by the extreme suppression and total control of come out of the closetside information and personal expression of the population. Power, money, and total control was the game and the pile of Ethiopia were getting played. The threat of physical force and death loomed over the Ethiopian large number if they dared to make a move for justice and equality. Zenawi, who died in 2012, was Ethiopias authoritarian an d ruled his country by jailing and killing thousands, rigging elections, and spreading government propaganda. Ethiopias government controlled everything, whether it was jailing journalists, exiling critics, or abusing human rights. Zenawis critics were jailed, killed or chased out of the country in fact, much journalists were exiled from Ethiopia in the last decade than any other country on earth. Lets restate that Zenawi kicked out more journalists than any other tyrant on the planet, thereby monopolizing control over information (Halvorssen, pars. 6). Ethiopia only seemed like a peaceful, progressional place because people out of the country were shielded from the truth. Keeping Ethiopia together had it costs that dictator, Meles Zenawi was fine with taking. It was very ignorant for Bil... ...that may be violated in the process. He created dissonance amongst a people that prior to his rule had a long standing unity and nationalism that made Ethiopia unique (Dula, pars. 4).As he worked with the U.S. to capture terrorists, many thought he was trying to bring justice to his country and around the world but many people did not know that in return, that his government was receiving about a billion dollars a year in American Aid. He gave a rosy picture of his countrys growthh and sucess and charmed Western leaders with his Zenawi would carry anyone killed or exiled if he thought they were threatening his reputation or position in office. Meles Zenawis death shouldnt be devastating amongst the Ethiopian people in fact it may come as a sigh of relief. However most are likely holding their breath as to the relief if the legacy of his extremism continues.

Police Blunders In The Manson Investigation :: essays research papers

Police Blunders in The Manson InvestigationOn August 10, 1969 the headline "Actress Is Among 5 Slain at Home inBeverly Hills" appeared on the front page of the New York Times (Roberts). Thiswas the beginning of a investigation of police error which prolonged the arrestof Charles Manson.There were several flock who claimed they had heard gunshots andscreaming in the early morning hours of August 9. Mrs. Kott, who lived at 10070Cielo Drive, heard three or quartet gunshots at what she guessed was to be about cardinal thirty to one oclock a.m. after which she heard nothing. About threequarters of a mile south of the murder scene, Tim Ireland was having an overnight party at the c international ampere of which he was a counselor. Everyone had gone to bedwhen Tim awoke to a mans voice screaming "Oh, God, no, please dont Oh God,no, dont, dont, dont..." (Bugliosi & Gentry 4). At this time, about twelve twoscore a.m., he awoke his supervisor, told him about the scream, a nd requestedthat he go see if anyone needed help. He drove around the area but saw nothingunusual. Robert Bullington of the boron Air Patrol was in his parked car when heheard three gunshots spaced a few seconds apart. He immediately called in to home base (the call logged in at 411 a.m.). Headquarters then called in toLAPD but nothing further was done. About four thirty paperboy Steve Shannon, whohadnt heard anything the old night, noticed what looked like a telephonewire hanging over the front gate and a bug brightness level on near the house. Mr. Kottalso noticed the wire when he went out to get his paper at about seven thirtythat morning (Bugliosi & Gentry 4-5).Winifred Chapman, the housekeeper for 10050 Cielo Drive, arrived at thehouse and also noticed the wire hanging at the gate. She first thought thepower was out but then she pushed the button to open the front gate and it did.She began to walk up the driveway when she noticed that there was an unfamiliarautomobile in the driveway. She figured, though, that it was only a visitor and go on toward the house. When she entered, she picked up the phone and theline was dead. Thinking she should inform someone, she entered the living roomwhere she noticed two blue trunks which were not there when she left theprevious night. A closer look saw that there was blood on the trunks. Therewas blood scattered about in the living room.

William Gibsons Neuromancer :: Essays Papers

William Gibsons NeuromancerWhen Neuromancer by William Gibson was first published it created a sensation. Or perhaps it would be more(prenominal) precise to say that it was used to create a sensation, for Bruce Sterling and other Gibson associates declared that a new kind of science fiction had appeared which rendered merely quotidian SF obsolete. Informed by the amoral urban rage of the punk subculture and depicting the developing human-machine interface created by the widespread use of computers and computer networks, set in the close future in decayed city landscapes like those portrayed in the film Blade Runner it claimed to be the voice of a new generation. (Interestingly, Gibson himself has verbalize he had finished much of what was to be his body of early cyberpunk fiction before ever seeing Blade Runner.) Eventually it was seized on by hip postmodern academics looking to ride the wave of the latest trend. Dubbed cyberpunk, the stuff was cosmos talked about everywhere in SF. Of course by the time symposia were being held on the subject, writers declared cyberpunk dead, yet the stuff kept being published and it continues to be published today by writers like K. W. Jeter and Rudy Rucker. Perhaps the outflank and most representative anthology of cyberpunk writers is Mirrorshades., edited by Sterling, the genres most outspoken advocate. But cyberpunks status as the revolutionary vanguard was almost immediately challenged. Its write up techniques, many critics pointed out, were positively reactionary compared to the experimentalism of mid-60s new wave SF. One of the main sources of its vision was William S. Burroughs quasi-SF novels like Nova Express, (1964), and the voice of Gibsons narrator sounded oddly like a about updated version of old Raymond Chandler novels like The Big Sleep, (1939). Others pointed out that almost all of cyberpunks characteristics could be found in the works of older writers such(prenominal) as J. G. Ballard, Philip K. Dick, Harlan Ellison, or Samuel R. Delany. Most damning of all, it didnt seem to have been claimed by the generation it claimed to represent. Real punks did little reading, and the vast majority of young SF readers preferred to stick with traditional storytellers such as Larry Niven, Anne McCaffrey and even Robert Heinlein. Gibsons prose was too dense and tangled for casual readers, so it is not surprising that he gained more of a following among academics than among the sort of masses it depicted.

Yoga and its Relation to Health Essay -- spiritual goals, health benef

Yoga has been practiced for more than 5,000 years. There is an estimated 11 million Americans enjoying the health benefits of yoga. though few people even know why. Most people think its just Stretching, But very few ever real stops to think around the health benefits of yoga. So lets look at a few of these shall(a) we? Some of the most commonly talked about benefits of yoga are the all-around fitness, weight loss, Stress relief, inner peace, improved immunity, living with greater awareness, break in relationships, increased energy, better flexibility and posture, better intuition, increased lubrication of the joints ligaments and tendons, massages all of the organs in the body, complete detoxification, excellent toning of the muscles, condensed heart rate and blood pressure, increased lung function, helps with conditions such as anxiety, depression and insomnia, it has also shown positive make on levels of certain brain and blood chemicals. So Besides the spir itual goals, the asana of yoga are used to reduce or get rid of health problems reduce stress and make the spine supple. In current times yoga is also used as a complete exercise program and physical therapy routine. The commission of yoga is on calm mindfulness, controlled breathing along with physical movement bringing with it benefits with regular practice. As most people are aware of Yogis sleep better with increased energy levels, and muscle tone, release of muscle pain and stiffness, improves circulation and over all better health. But few people know the breathing feel of yoga can benefit heart rate and blood pressure. Three main focuses of Hatha Yoga are exercise, breathing and meditation. Making it a great choice for people woefulness from hea... .... Yes there is some out there that say yoga is just stretching but those people are only partially right. Yoga unites mind, body and soul so it is obvious it can be used to treat mental and physical conditions. So there for yoga is so much more than most people perceive. in person yoga has helped me out allot I use to have depression, anxiety, sleep problems and lower back pain. Yes I know I use to be a great deal lol. One day I decided to try yoga and my life has been changed ever since. I no longer have any of these problems and I thank yoga for it.Resources http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11832673 http//www.webmd.com/ equilibrate/guide/the-health-benefits-of-yoga http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatha_YogaHealth_benefits_ascribed_to_yogasana_practice http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YogaMedicine

Yoga and its Relation to Health Essay -- spiritual goals, health benef

Yoga has been practiced for more than 5,000 years. There is an estimated 11 million Americans enjoying the health benefits of yoga. Though few people even know why. Most people forecast its just Stretching, But very few forever really stops to think about the health benefits of yoga. So lets look at a few of these shall we? Some of the most commonly talked about benefits of yoga are the all-around fitness, weight loss, Stress relief, inner peace, improved immunity, sustentation with greater awareness, better relationships, increased energy, better flexibility and posture, better intuition, increased lubrication of the joints ligaments and tendons, massages all of the organs in the body, complete detoxification, excellent toning of the muscles, reduced heart deem and blood pressure, increased lung function, helps with conditions such as anxiety, depression and insomnia, it has similarly shown positive effects on levels of certain brain and blood chemicals. So Be sides the unearthly goals, the asana of yoga are used to reduce or get rid of health problems reduce stress and make the spine supple. In current times yoga is also used as a complete exercise program and tangible therapy routine. The focus of yoga is on calm mindfulness, controlled breathing along with physical movement rescue with it benefits with regular practice. As most people are aware of Yogis sleep better with increased energy levels, and muscle tone, release of muscle pain and stiffness, improves circulation and over all better health. But few people know the breathing aspect of yoga can benefit heart rate and blood pressure. Three primary(prenominal) focuses of Hatha Yoga are exercise, breathing and meditation. Making it a great choice for people suffering from hea... .... Yes there is some out there that say yoga is just stretching but those people are only partially right. Yoga unites mind, body and soul so it is obvious it can be used to treat mental and phy sical conditions. So there for yoga is so much more than most people perceive. Personally yoga has helped me out allot I use to have depression, anxiety, sleep problems and trim back back pain. Yes I know I use to be a mess lol. One day I decided to try yoga and my life has been changed ever since. I no longer have any of these problems and I thank yoga for it.Resources http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11832673 http//www.webmd.com/balance/guide/the-health-benefits-of-yoga http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatha_YogaHealth_benefits_ascribed_to_yogasana_practice http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YogaMedicine

Gap between Rich and Poor Essay

The issue of to-do between rich and poor has still been signifi batht over recent decades in our society. At present, the article slue Area Gap between Rich & Poor, Joyce deBoer and Ryan Warmouth inform growing gap between rich and poor entrust pose unstable take in for society in the near future by surveying and comparing the statistical evidences from grand and Area A. In addition, authors hope this issue must be mentioned by the society and anticipate it will be controlled by developing policy. While others researchers state that growing gap between rich and poor butt enhance the competition of the entire society.By looking through this article, I claim that growing gap between rich and poor without control will pose serious threaten for the local stability and development. In this article, writers indicate the case of growing gap between rich and poor in Golden Area A by filing plenty of data. Initially, authors select Golden and Area A which has a stable middle class as a sample. Moreover, authors think analyses engender constraints as a result of some elements, such as back-to-the-Landers in the Columbia Valley. Then, authors illust footsteps overall poverty rate in depot of LICO and LIM and make a comparison between Golden Area A and British Columbia.Also, writers describe the impact of community growth on the gap, such as the increasing price of house and food. Then, talk slightly household incomes in disparate levels. Ultimately, the article concludes that growing gap between rich & poor can impact the diversity and stability of the community. For growing gap between rich and poor, those who argue that it can cause the enhancement of the competition for the society my build their passel on such an assumption that this gap can be considered one motivation for lower income class, who want to be higher class.Obliviously, growing economical gap can cause the the evolution in some sense. Even so, this view should be similarly idealized for the current intense social competition. In my opinion, it has poisonous influence in aspects local stability and evolution. According to the description of the article, this issue can cause the local slopped people can change to be rich increasingly and have adequate money to buy the local tracts and stores. In addition, along with the huge immigration of the new comer, the majority of them are wealthy or retired.Thus, the local rich people increase the price of land and food for high interest from immigrants. However, the local income does not grow, thereby causing the economic burden for local young people and low income earners. Apparently, this tendency causes the rich people more abundant. But, it can also cause the growth of criminal rate in the local. On the other hand, an increasing number of people can no longer afford to live there and move out to others place, thereby causing the loss of local labor force. This can impact the evolution of local economy.To sum up, growing g ap between rich and poor have drawbacks for local stability, which cause the high burden live for local young people and low income earners. On the other hand, it can also bring about the loss of local labor force. I would concede that growing economic gap can create the competition of the society. Despite that this opinion should be too unreal. This article talks about the Canadian area has lived in the gap rich and poor. However, under financial crisis, this issue has already altered to be good in some developing country. Afterward, I will research some articles about this problem in developing country.

Jjt Task 1

For the five years Unique. com has been in business they consecrate identified favorable Responsibility as a core value within the judicature. It has been the driving factor of our telephoners culture and will continue to be in the future. We commit that every gage holder is impacted by the choices we make as a company. In our eyes, kindly Responsibility represents the values of our business. Values in which we operate our business by on a daily basis. These and that demonstrate our integrity, respect and commitment. We be sincere in our level of concern for employees, vendor and supplier relationships, our residential area and the planet.We have had the uniform Social Responsibility plan in place for the past five years. Strategic wholey, the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) squad heads up the phylogenesis of our CSR Plan and supports the writ of execution and facilitation of the companys program. This team is made up of managers from various de severalisements wit hin the company. Every employee of UniqueSquared is responsible for the growth of our Social Responsibility Plan. As employees we are all expected to challenge and encourage the company and others within our organization to exceed our current level of CSR.Together they develop and execute recycle programs for paper and card gore that represents global best practices and research. Through the coming years, we will look to continue building upon our commitment to be a socially responsible company. We have a long-term goal of incorporating CSR into every usurp aspect of our business. Unique strives to be a leader in not only our industry exactly to a fault in corporate social responsibility. We plan to achieve this through leadership in recycling practices, environmental awareness, employee and confederation support programs and economic growth.SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY design OVERVIEW UniqueSquared is an online e-tailer of pro-audio equipment. With the distribution of over 5,000 pac kaged orders per day, we are also responsible for protecting the environment. We have a vested interest in the sustainability of our economy, the environment and people. As the company whitethorn strive to increase profits, the main focus is on the triple bottom line, People, Planet and Profit. Our Corporate Social Responsibility initiatives are focused on the pursual three areas and directly impact and support the Triple Bottom Line concept 1.Environmental (Planet) 2. Social (People) 3. Economic (Profit) Environmental As a company we foot on the belief that we essential do the right where we live and where others live as well. We plan to reduce our carbon footprint by implementing initiatives that improve and esteem our recycling program. We ship and receive tens of thousands of boxes per week. It is most important that we discard these boxes in a way that is environmentally safe. A program will be essential to recycle and utilize empty boxes. We are requiring all of of suppl iers and vendors to do the same.To be a preferred vendor, supplier or manufacturer doing business with us you have to participate in our cardboard box recycle/reuse program. Boxes will be either reused or recycled into packing paper to be used in place of styrofoam peanuts and plastic bubble wrap. It is important to us as a company that the companies we do business comply and support this effort to save the environment. Social We are committed to earning and keeping the trust of our local community. We also believe in contributing to programs that support the music and art.The schools in our area have confused most or all of their funding for music and art programs. We have taken on the responsibility of providing resources and funding to keep these programs available to the families in our community. Employees are encouraged to volunteer a minimum of five hours per month, 60 hours per year to the improvement of our community or assisting with the community music and art programs. We do not only want to be a company that is viewed as being a leader in the pro-audio retail industry. We strive to be an employer that is viewed by our community as ne that is ethical, uplifting, caring and invested in the community we exist in as well as the world. Economic Our economic growth and sustainability benefits our local community, our arouse and our country. We contribute to the prosperity of our community by not only being a local employer, but one that believes in hiring local people. Supporting the development and growth of our community by investing in the area. We provide opportunities for growth and development within the community by offering college scholarship and program sponsorships.We believe that we are only as strong as those we are surrounded by. Legal CSR failures are becoming popular amongst corporations. These failures are impacting not only their reputations, but also their financial stability. When a company has not met their communicated CSR plan t heir stock price and market share understructure be poorly affected. UniqueSquared will immerse legal council as we revise our CSR strategy. We must ensure that the company and all stakeholders are protected. Our legal team will take part in the development of our CSR strategy and the performance indicators.According to Carroll (1991), Legal responsibilities reflect a view of codified ethics in the sense that they embody basic notions of fair operations as established by our lawmakers. Although it is important to maximize profits, we have a legal obligation to conduct business in a way that is in alliance with the requirements of government and law. As we push to excel and be a profitable company, being in compliance with local, state and federal regulations is a must. Our legal team will ensure we are fulfilling all of our legal obligations and that we are meeting or exceeding all legal requirements.Since July, 1996 a mandatory recycling economy has been in effect. It requires offices buildings and warehouses with 15,000 square feet or more of office space to recycle office paper, newspaper and cardboard. The City conducts annual site inspections of businesses that are required to recycle. Although the company continues to practice being socially responsible, internal and external communication, documentation and rating are areas for improvement. Communication of the plan can be stronger and more frequent to shed light on buy-in through out the company.Many employees are not aware of the requirements or the expectations for the company. If all departments are not aware of the social responsibility plan, it makes it very difficult to be successful. Quarterly newsletters and company wide reminder emails would be very helpful in providing plan updates, changes and successes to the entire company. The plan needs to be attested and print for everyone to be aware of the company-wide expectation in regards to social responsibility. A documented plan is usefu l in communicating the plan, identifying gaps and necessary changes to the plan.With a clearly documented plan internal departments would make love what the plan entails. Shareholders, vendors and the community would also benefit from this plan improvement. This information can be published to the company website for external parties to be able to view and download. As well as being available on the internal company website for employees to access easily. Although the company has done a fix to be socially responsible, there is no set evaluation plan in place to identify success or needed improvements. How do we know when the plan is successful?How do we know when we our current plan is no longer relevant or needs to be updated or revised? With an evaluation plan, it would help in answering these questions and more on an ongoing basis. Annual plan evaluations can be sent to solicit feedback, status and opinions from the employees, vendors and the community. honest leadership The concept of ethical leadership can be difficult to explain for it is more than leaders doing the right thing. Ethical leadership addresses the areas of leadership through the appropriate handling of the situation, event or occurrence.The areas to be addressed are constantly changing and are not always the same for every organization. Leaders must gain the trust of those they lead. The culture of every organization may vary and the challenges will be different. How a leader addresses the challenges is essential to social responsibility and the community as a whole. Ethical leaders not only have a solid understanding of ethical ideals, they also understand the purpose, vision, and values of the organization and the community. They are able to connect the goals of the organization with that of the internal employees and external stakeholders.It is one thing to tell the story being ethical as a leader. Ethical leadership requires leaders to live the story. PROPOSED 2012 SOCIAL RESPONSIBI LITY PLAN Goal To have a vested interest in the sustainability of our economy, the environment and the people in our community. As strive to increase our profits, we put focus on the triple bottom line, People, Planet and Profit. Strategy 1. By incorporating the Social Responsibility Plan as part of the overall UniqueSquared business strategy, we will improve awareness an buy-in from all levels of employees within the company. . With measurable initiatives, we can ensure that we are meeting our CSR objectives that are also found on the company strategy. 3. Documentation is necessary to encourage stakeholder buy-in. We will provide ample documentation of buy-in by stakeholders to support the strategy as well as direction. 4. Legal council is needed and should be engaged to provide guidance and ensure we are in compliance with all regulations. One major risks of the CSR program is that we can be out of compliance unknowingly. This can be due to changing regulations and laws.They will also ensure the company and all stakeholders are legally protected. 5. By researching best practices in recycling and reusing cardboard boxes, and integrate into UniqueSquareds operational plan. This will hopefully give us an advantage over our competitors who may not have a CSR program or strategy in place as well as those that currently do. Strategy Initiatives 1. Integrate recycling and reuse principles into the UniqueSquared business strategy to ensure that all organizations within the company are provided with processes and procedures to promote and support the recycling and reuse program. . Develop policies and procedures that support UniqueSquareds recycling and reuse program as we comply with recycling regulatory standards and mandates. 3. Develop supervisors, managers and executives to facilitate company-wide training programs on the recycle program policies and procedures. REFERENCES A. B. Carroll (1991, July-August) The Pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility Toward t he Moral Management of Organizational Stakeholders. Retrieved from http//www. cbe. wwu. edu/dunn/rprnts. pyramidofcsr. pdf

The Poverty-stricken Youth of America

America has been described as a melting pot a land proficient of diversity. With that diversity comes a full range of income levels and statuses of its inhabitants, from the very, very rich to the destitute. Ronald Taylors denomination entitled African-American Youth Their Social and Economic Status in the United States focuses on the issue of polarization. Polarization occurs when an increase of the percentage of deal in poverty coincides with an increase of the percentage of people with higher incomes. Fewer people are considered middle class, but are either rich or poor.This paper will focus on the poverty-stricken early days of America. How are todays poor white and poor non-white youth alike? How do they differ? Sociologists and researchers have found evidence to justify both, and I desire to focus on major points for both issues.Whether youre white, African-American, or Hispanic, poverty for todays youth has many recurring themes. A recent article by Duncan and Brooks for The Education Digest points out some very discerning facts that face todays poor youth. Low Income is linked with a variety of poor outcomes for children, from low birth weight and poor nutrition in infancy to increased lay on the lines of academic failure, emotional distress, and unwed childbirth in adolescence. (Duncan& Brooks, pg. 1). They also claim that low-income preschoolers show poorer cognitive and verbal skills because they are exposed to fewer toys, books, and other brain-stimulating items at home than their higher-income classmates.Low-income adolescents, in later years, will dumbfound conflict mingled with their economically stressed parents, as well as lower self-esteem than other teenaged children.An article from the Ojibwe News, a Native American Magazine, gives a startling statistic discovered by research analysts for the Minnesota Private College Research Foundation. They found that a child from a family earning $25,000 or less yearly is only one-half as likel y to enroll in college as a child from a family with an annual income of $50,000 or more.Both white and non-white youth in poverty experience a higher rate of teenage pregnancy, AIDS, and tend to live in single-parent homes.There are several differences that exist between white and non-white youth that live in poverty. Recent research for low-income youth has shown that the most important factor that contributes to the gap between employment pass judgment of minority and white youth can be imputed to their social mesh topology. Three reasons were cited in lecture as to what lead to the declination of life chances among African-American youth in poverty. They are as follows1. Affirmative Action primarily helped better-educated, especially professional workers.2. Relocation of industry to suburbs or abroad reduces living wage jobs for non-college educated. Lack of network contacts, plus continuing discrimination, puts minorities last in line.3. Concentration of poverty in center c ities. Higher income drab families go to the suburbs for jobs. Therefore, loss of network contacts, community organizations, and the like.These reasons attribute to the starling fact that Black poverty rates and unemployment rates remain at approximately 3 times the white rate. Israel and Seeborg in their article entitled The equal of Youth Characteristics and Experiences on Transitions out of Poverty state that being black increases the probability of exposure to adverse social and economic conditions (i.e. underclass environment) which, in turn, reduces the chance that new generations can get out of poverty. This leads us to another point-if African-Americans experience the highest rates of teenage pregnancy, which perpetuates continuing generational poverty, will there ever be a time when African-American adolescents get out of poverty?It is not only African-Americans that feel a more pronounced state of poverty. The Ojibwe News, a ingrained American newspaper, focuses on the plights of Native American youth in Minnesota, as well as statistical evidence of other minority students. Divided We blood line The Declining Chance for College Among Minnesota Youth From Low-Income Families and Communities of Color is based upon information from the Census Bureau, the Minnesota Department of Education and other sources, and examined high school dropout and college participation rates and how they are affected by such socioeconomic factors as race, family income, and parental education (Laird, pg. 2).The Ojibwe News showed a strong correlation between education and earnings. Considering that the face up funding system for public schools usually provides from two to five times as much money for wealthy school districts as for the poorest, and that whites are twice as likely to have good access to computers, it is no surprise that this correlation exists. According to projections by the Minnesota Department of Education, 62% of all black students and 56% of all Na tive American students who entered public high school in the fall of 1991 will drop out by 1995. Nearly 50% of Hispanic students and 21% of Asian students were projected to drop out as well. The rate for white students? Only 16%.The article also explains how those 18 to 24 year-old dependents with at least one parent who had completed four years of college were twice as likely to enroll in college than those peers who parents had no post-secondary education (Laird, pg. 1).In summary, there exist many similarities and differences between white youth and non-white youth in American cities. A recurring solution emphasized by researches and in lecture is the idea of socialization. By integrating poor minority and poor white students with their wealthier peers, as done in the Gautreaux program, the continuation of poverty can be decreased.

Racism in the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay

Malcolm X, Martin Luther King, and other black anti-racist leaders fought against discrimination. They fought a battle that has gone on protracted than many muckle have been around, back in the 1800s. In the book The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn written by Mark Twain, twain wants us to see how this battle rages on today, affecting many peoples everyday lives.The book itself is very racist toward African Americans in which the word nigger is usanced. Many people use this word today, but back when Huck was around using vulgar discriminating words was a regular thing. So the question is how is racism slake shown today in the 20th century and the relationship in how Twain describes it in his book?First racial thing in the book is when Toms talk to Huck about breaking Jim out of jail. Tom says, Give a nigger a inch and he ell (88). When he says this he is grammatical construction that if you give a black person freedom, its giving them way too much.But Huck isnt fond of using such a poignant word to Jim. Racism plays a big part when the King and the Duke show up on the raft with them. When they stay with the girls in the house, the sophomoric type of Duke says I should a reckoned the differences in the rank would sejested that a corn-shuck bed wont fit for me to sleep on .Your Gracell take the shuck bed yourself (126). This shows his destitute for fetching Jim seriously as a person and not just some dumb slave. The use of racist and vulgar words was constantly heard from the clear adults as well as the children in the novel. was Jim a runaway nigger?(126). Out of solely the pieces of literature this book is known by many people worldwide, not only does things in this book still happen today, we can all relate this book.The lack of care the whites had for blacks, thus, the whites have lost nearly all of their respect. This was Mark Twains indirect way of showing the whites inequality to the blacks. In todays age, the ideas of racism have definitely changed . Slavery is no more, and even the use of such language as nigger, is considered vulgar. But, as children such as Huck and Tom grew up considering slavery the normal, children today grow up learning the exact opposite.

Addiction as A Lifestyle

For several decades, health issues have increased by more than 8.5% each year. According to a new study conducted by the center for Disease Control and Prevention, 65% of US adults are either overweight or obese. The rate of diabetes are increasing in the United States, with a 27 percent increase seen in the last five years. The high cost of health care also poses a study threat to the nations economy. However, health problems asshole be prevented to a large extent by controlling peoples lifestyle. Group discussions and conversations may help people to adopt a ample elbow room of living.Therefore, Cybernetics which is the study of conversation/communication and control/regulation brook be used to help solve this problems. This study aims at apply cybernetics as a model for controlling health problems.AddictionIn developed countries of the world manage USA, where the literacy rate is preceding(prenominal) 95%, people know that leading a healthy lifestyle removes the risk of c hronic health issues to a considerable margin.However they most times do not adopt a healthy way of living. Why? Addiction has ruined the healthy life style of people. For example- people may be attached to sleeping and do not exercise, subjoinicted to eating foods with high calories that causes them obesity and make them prone to heart problems. Addiction is a condition in which a consistent desire/craving to twin an addicted sort exceeds the ability to rationally stop doing so. When the more you have, the more you seem to need to achieve the same effect or result. This effect can be displayed as a substantiating feedback loop where the want continues expanding within the loop.Some background active feedback loops Feedback loops are of cardinal forms negative feedback loop and positive feedback loop. nix feedback loops strives towards balance and stasis by subtracting error with each cycle. A good example of negative feedback loop is homeostasis, the bodys system for keeping itself chemically and temperature balanced. Positive feedback loops, by compare, add the variations of each cycle. As a result they can become potentially dangerous as their effect mount with each event. Hypothermia, shock, heatstroke are examples of positive feedback.Figure-1 models addiction (nicotine addiction) as a positive feedback. The desire for smoking continues to increase in the loop for achieving the same take aim of satisfaction.The first day, Bob needs to crapper once and get satisfied. The second day, he needs to smoke twice to get the same level of satisfaction. Gradually, his cravings and urge to smoke increases along with the frequency.Controlling the Uncontrollable(addiction)The graph above (Figure-1) indicates how the addiction continue to expand in a positive feedback loop. Also, Batesons examination of alcohol addiction contended that the very attempt to regain discretion, to be a commandant of ones own spirit, added to the heightening of the alcoholism.Mor eover, the Twelve Step Program of Alcoholics Anonymous-which has been effectively adjusted to a huge number of addictive practices, offers recuperation by surrendering that is, by stopping to deliberately try to stop the addiction. Subsequently, the person who is addicted does not have an essential variety to control addiction.At the point when Addiction becomes uncontrollable, how can it be controlled? Ludwigs research on Alcoholics mind demonstrates that developing the right mind frame (sufficient inspiration) for sobriety improves the probability that an individual can figure out how to repel his addiction .Sufficient inspiration or adequate motivation can solve the puzzle of addiction as an uncontrollable event. The diagram beneath demonstrates the cybernetic antenna to deal with controlling health issues by inspiring individuals to follow a sound way of life (work out, yoga, healthy food and so on.), that is abstaining from an unhealthy way of life. Reward/Incentive SystemPeo ple have various needs including monetary needs, physiological needs, safety needs and esteem needs. An individual can be motivated for execute an activity using proper incentives which may help in fulfilling some of his needs.A reward system could be a web application like Weight Watchers or an organization such as a health club. Below is a model of an incentive system used in prompt a person to exercise regularly. The model also shows that the system can keep refining or modifying the incentive system to make sure that the exploiter is always motivated.Group Affiliation/FriendsGroups, friends and circle of relatives assist in controlling addictions and regulating the manner people live.People develop trust, care and similarity in a group that offer intellectual strength for controlling their cravings. It has additionally been proved that the group association programs offer long- term remedy for addiction in comparison to short-term remedy provided through medication therapy. S elf-assist programs like Alcoholics anonymous, rational healing or women for Sobriety, assist in gaining control over addiction through assisting the affect person to integrate into a self-assist group.TrustTrust is a system-related concept and that is a constantly evolving state of information acquisition, processing and feedback. Figure-4 demonstrates the system model of trust amongst two actors (trustor and trustee). The trustor continually accesses the behavior of the trustee against his mental model of trustworthiness, which results in increased trust if the behavior matches with his mental model otherwise decreased trust.Trustworthiness relies on three variables which relate to perception about the person to be relied on competence, integrity and benevolence. Competence is the perceived potential of the trustee, as measured through indicators which includes training or credentials, experience, and reliable past performance. Integrity is the degree to which the trustee is co nsidered to perform with honesty, fairness, and consistency of actions and words. Benevolence concerns the extent to which the trustee demonstrates care and consideration for people he or she interacts directly or indirectly.In addition to the above-recognized antecedent variables, trust also relies on the context within which the trustor and trustee are embedded. It could affect the extent to which the trustee is rated on antecedent variables particularly competence. For instance, a person may be perceived as competent in one context but no longer in another. Furthermore, it is essential to narrate between Interactions among unfamiliar others and ongoing interactions among familiar others for trust.In a social system, trust could be unidirectional or bi-directional. Also, trust may be commutative.After the developement of trust, the trustor (Alice) feels confident(p) and becomes willing to take actions based on the suggestions, actions and decisions of the trustee (Bob) to an ext ent proportional to the trust level in the trustee. Now, when Bob says that he controlled his blood sugar level by following the recipes from the diabetic cook-book, Alice feels confident the same recipes in the diabetic cook-book works and she is now motivated to follow them too. It also gives her a social consequence of the reliability of the recipes from the diabetic cook-book. Figure-6 is the conversation model of this trust and social proof scenario between Alice and Bob.CareCare is also a continously evolving state of information aquisition, processing and feedback.Similarity, trust, understanding and reciprocality make the important variables.It is also dependent on context and familiarity/relationship between individuals. Below is a figure which shows a model of care between Alice and Bob and how care helps them for abstinence. Bobs behavior is matched to Alices mental model of a person she would like to care for. If there is a positive match,then the care for Bob increases otherwise it decreases. When there is a match, she cares about what Bobs expectations are from her. She feels a sense of responsibility/accountability for Bobs expectations because she does not want to disappoint him. Similarly, Bob also does a behavior assessment of Alice against a mental model of a person she would like to care for. Its also important to note that both may have divergent perceptions or mental models of the persons they may like to care for. Also, care may be unidirectional as well. Now when Bob makes a suggestion to Alice about losing weight, she feels responsible/ accountable for losing weight as she cares about Bob. Similarly, Bob feels responsible/accountable for not smoking when Alice asks him to quit smoking.

Reason People Attend College or University Essay

Why do you think plenty attend college or university? physical exercise specific lawsuits & examples People attend college or University to become checkd or educated person. College/ university is a plat public figure where we can agree anything effectively such as we can improve our intimacy, we can go to bed about contrary c atomic number 18er lines and we can get noesis about any career line and college or university provide very friendly environment through which we drawHow to behave with friends and How to do team work?First reason People attend college or university to improve their experience. They can get knowledge about especial(a) subject from their skilled teachers. During class /lecture session, their knowledge is increased because everyone has its own way of perception, if someone have doubt on any topic, then teacher allow for provide solution for that problem. In this way, rest of students get chance to think about topic in different ways. They can share their knowledge with their friends and they can too do group discussion about difficult topics with their friends.Second reason They can opt different profession according to their proclivity and then they can join particular course which is relevant to their career. So that they can become efficient in their career line because they have fitting time to do practical and to improve their skills effectively. Or they can learn from their mistakes while studying. So that they would never repeat mistakes in their professional life.Third reason During college or University , Students experience numerous different phases of life. During studying, Students make project with 4 or 5 team members and they play games or sports in team, in this way, they learn How to do work in team ? and How to co-operate with team members. This thing helps them when they are in profession life. Students also learn to work in different spatial relation for example sometime Students do work with their teac hers, while working with teachers they learn to behave with seniors.At last, I indirect request to say that everyone must attend college/ university because college/university is a heaven for students or you can say that this is a place which make their life great.Reasons for Attending College or UniversitySummary People attend college or university for numerous a(prenominal) different reasons, such as new experiences, career preparation, and increased knowledge.Many populate attend colleges and universities all over the human to study and conduct research. What are their expectations of the academic experience? In my opinion, people involved in collegiate programs have two main purposes to gain the experiences and certificates that prepare them for future careers and to increase their knowledge about different aspects of life. Many people desire stable careers that deeply affect their lives. Therefore, good preparation for a future career is a necessity. To insist and promote your position at a company, especially in certain kinds of jobs, you must have the knowledge and experiences that come from attending a college or university. The skills, spirit, and corporate trust you gain from studying help equip you for your work. Moreover, it is easier to find a good job when you have qualified certificates.Many well-educated people can transport out their tasks smoothly and methodically with more economization of time and strength than people who manage their work by learning from their failures. Another advantage of attending a college or university is the relationships you build with other people. These relationships help you improve yourself. In a collegiate environment, you learn how to work in groups and how to cooperate with your partners. You also learn to carry out mutual understanding, an essential and useful skill in your future work. The second reason for attending a college or university, increasing knowledge about many aspects of life, capaci ty seem a little impractical, but it is, in fact, very practical. Some people have the misconception that studying in college provides them only with knowledge relating forthwith to their major and that getting certificates is the most important purpose of attending college.With those goals in mind, they often neglect subjects that dont seem to be applicable to their work. However, knowledge from college is not just useful for your job it also is useful for many other things in life. For example, people with basic knowledge about literature, history, art, psychology, etc. might enjoy their lives more than unlearned people. They also might overcome difficulties and stress more easily, as well as have an acceptable and optimistic pose toward obstacles and failures in their lives. Furthermore, cultivated people might treat others in their communities with more regard. Nothing you study in college is useless, and increasing knowledge is as important as getting certificates. The more k nowledge you have, the more poetic your life is. Generally speaking, its always necessary to have a good rearing.In gain to obtaining the appropriate certificates, attending a college or university gives you a great opportunity to learn about many different things on both macroscopic and microscopical levels. While the specific reasons people attend colleges and universities might differ, the fundamental purposes are the same they want to obtain the necessary training and knowledge for their future careers and they want to learn about a variety of different subjects that exit apply to their lives outside their future careers. Therefore, everyone who chooses to attend a college or university should always strive to go past their goals and aspirations.People attend college or university for many different reasons (for example, new experiences, career preparation, and increased knowledge). Why do you think people attend college or university? Use specific reasons and examples to s upport your answer.EssaySome people say attending college is an indispensable way to find a job. Actually, I think most of people going to college are not just for a future job.First of all, I think everyone who attends a college will make some good friends. In fact, some people claim the best friends of their entire life are met in the college. Friends in college have more opportunities to spend time together polish their paper in the library, doing sports, having classes, etc. Consequently, they will get a deep understanding with each other and last a long-term relationship. My dads several close friends are all met in college.Secondly, I think some people attend college because their curiosity for knowledge or the keen to know the truth about this world. During the studying life in college, people can learn a lot not only about those courses , but also the spirit of science , the great of humanity and the basic of this world .Colleges are the center of scholar and research , the re are numerous scientists, generators, physicians, historians benefit form colleges studying.Thirdly, we are always trying to find ourselves a life-long purpose but have no idea what we unfeignedly want or who we really want to be. In college , those books, lectures and courses can give us an answer. It is not just about jobs ,but peoples dream. It may encourage you to become a writer after a plenty of reading or you dream of becoming a philosopher after get familiar with Aristoteles. You may find yourself interested in chemical change or principle of universe. It is never as simple as finding a job. In college, you learn what you are really into and that will enlighten your future and life .One who knows nothing about himself will never walk out of the confusion or begin to chase his own dream.NO.2Nowadays, education no doubt plays an important role in professional and social life. Many students attend college or university for many reasons. Although people think that universiti es are operable for career preparation and increasing knowledge, in my opinion it is correct to say this aloud, that colleges represent a new experience on lifepersonally speaking, education is about learning to think, learning different ways to analyze a problem and to find a solution to resolve it.Participating in colleges and universities would be a great opportunity to have a general formation in bless to be able to think clearly, critically, to have broad commit of knowledge. When people at times could confront debates or situations, they would be able to know where to start to analyze and to have a solution for that. Moreover people want to attend college because they want to achieve great success in life .Pursuing a college they would be able to gain more good skills that will be helpful for their futurecareers.Professionally, the conventional view is that education increases one earning potential, so college is one ticket to a high-paying job. Actuality people who want t o go to a college and university often thinks about the job and the high salary they can earn in order to have a comfortable lifestyle and to provide themselves in addition since the competition of jobs is higher and the number of job applicants are getting increased everyone should be well educated and to have e degree in order to get a good professional job. So in one way or another a college education is a requirement of many professional jobsIn a social perspective , going to college and university is e new experience in life and through such live experience people become more wiser, mature and responsible . Student that attend colleges are separated from their parents and their homes Now they are forced to face another public but this time at different rules, being alone and not having the support of their families. Through that they use to be more mature and to handle the world by themselves. Similarly, participating a college could be very useful for people because only in this way they can come across to diverse social, heathenish and multi language groups. By meeting new people that are not from their hometown and further that they do not speak the same language could be e new experience that each one of them can have.

Indian two-wheeler industry Essay

overview The Indian two-wheeler (2W) labor recorded sales volumes of 13. 4 jillion units in 2011-121, a ontogeny of 14. 0% over the foregoing year. In a year wherein growth in other automobile constituents particularly, passenger vehicle (PV) and medium & heavy commercial vehicle (M&HCV), slowed down to individual digits marred by demand slowdown due to northward movement of inflation, fuel prices and interest rates the 14% growth recorded by the 2W effort remained steady.However, the momentum in the 2W industrys volume growth too has been losing steam lately as evident from the relatively lower volume growth of 11. 0% recorded in H2, 2011-12 (YoY) against a growth of 17. 1% recorded in H1, 2011-12 (YoY). The deceleration in growth is largely attributable to the motor cycles segment which grew at a much lower rate of 7. 8% (YoY) in H2, 2011-12 vis-a-vis 16. 4% in H1, 2011-12 even as the scooters segment continued to post 20%+ (YoY) magnification during some(prenominal) h alves of the hold fiscal.With this, the shargon of the scooters segment in the interior(prenominal) 2W industry volumes increase to 19. 1% in 2011-12 from 17. 6% in 2010-11. Overall, ICRA expects the domestic 2W industry to brood a volume growth of 8-9% in 2012-13 as base effect catches up with the industry that has demonstrated a strong volume expansion over the last three long time at cumulative annual growth rate (CAGR) of 21. 8%.Over the medium term, the 2W industry is pass judgment to report a volume CAGR of 9-11% to reach a size of 24-26 million units (domestic + exports) by 2016-17, as we believe the various structural positives associated with the domestic 2W industry including favourable demographic visibleness, hold in 2W penetration levels (in relation to several other emerging markets), under developed public transport system, growing urbanization, strong second-stringer demand and moderate share of financed purchases remain intact. Table 1 Trend in Sales muckles of the Indian 2W Industry Volumes (Units, Nos.)Domestic Motorcycles Scooters Mopeds Total Domestic 2010-11 9,019,090 2,073,797 697,418 11,790,305 Exports 2010-11 Motorcycles Scooters Mopeds Total Exports inception SIAM Q1 2011-12 2,464,143 532,867 190,672 3,187,682 Q1 2011-12 1,480,983 52,312 6,295 1,539,590 1 Refers to domestic sales volumes ICRA LIMITED 482,566 20,949 1,461 504,976 YoY Growth (%) Q2 2011-12 Q3 2011-12 Q4 2011-12 2,558,515 650,155 192,859 3,401,529 2,556,782 659,643 186,472 3,402,897 2,514,699 720,176 206,863 3,441,738 Q2 2011-12 Q3 2011-12 Q4 2011-12 492,408 24,696 3,478 520,582 448,090 23,950 2,796 474,836.434,521 21,010 1,341 446,872 2010-11 22. 9% 41. 8% 23. 5% 25. 8% 2010-11 34. 3% 73. 6% -8. 8% 35. 0% Q1 2011-12 17. 5% 13. 3% 21. 0% 17. 0% Q1 2011-12 27. 1% 100. 4% -44. 0% 28. 6% Q2 2011-12 15. 4% 29. 0% 7. 0% 17. 3% Q2 2011-12 31. 7% 88. 5% 159. 2% 34. 0% Q3 2011-12 9. 2% 21. 6% 2. 6% 11. 0% Q3 2011-12 21. 8% 92. 0% 188. 0% 24. 5% Q4 2011-12 6. 3% 29. 4% 1 6. 4% 11. 1% Q4 2011-12 18. 1% 29. 0% -2. 3% 18. 5% integrated Ratings Anjan Deb Ghosh +91 22 3047 0006 anjanicraindia. com Analyst Contacts Subrata Ray +91 22 3047 0027 subrataicraindia. com Jitin Makkar +91 124 4545 368jitinmicraindia. com.MEDIUM TERM DEMAND DRIVERS STAY PUT An analysis of the strut of Indian populace and the structure of the Indian 2W industry brings to the fore several key attributes namely, Indias demographic advantage, moderate 2W penetration levels and shrinking of replacement cycle factors that have combined to propel the industrys volumes over the last 10 years from 4 million units in 2001 to 13 million units in 2011. In ICRAs view, these growth drivers are probably to remain relevant over the medium term and continue to provide impetus to the industrys volumes.Chart 1 Estimated population of Indias Youth (20-40 years age) 250 Demographic Advantage 229 207 206 189 200 161 157 million 150 100 41 million younker estimated to be added to Indias population mix over the next fiver years 50 0 2001 Male 2011E Female 2016E Source numerate 2001 Census 2011 ICRAs Estimates In the age bracket of 20-40 years, which is the key target segment for 2W, roughly 77 million youth got added to the Indian population mix in the last decade, which has been the key contributor to the 2W industrys volume growth over the last 10 years.Indias demography continues to remain favourably on its side with bonny age of 25 years, which is 9 years younger than China, and more than 12 years and 19 years younger than the US and Japan, respectively. Over the next five years, the incremental addition in Indias youth population is estimated to be 41 million, a middling large number that is likely to sustain the strong demand for 2W. The 20-40 years age group is characterized by a combination of earning power and high outgo propensity, which should increase the likelihood of transformation of potential ownership into actual ownership.Chart 2 Trend in 2W Penetratio n in Indian Households 18 16 35% 13. 8 14 Underpenetrated Market 35% The 2W penetration level in Indian households was 12% in 2001. This low 2W penetration provided the structural thrust to the domestic industrys volume growth over the last decade whose annualized volumes expanded by a factor of 3. 4x during this period. As of 2011, the 2W penetration levels in Indian households, while having increased to 21%, continue to remain moderate and much lower than in some of the other emerging markets such as Brazil, Indonesia, Thailand and Taiwan.Also, the penetration rates protest vastly between Indias rural and urban areas, with rural areas being under-penetrated by a factor of 2. 5x as compared to urban areas. Additionally, the social trend in favour of nuclear families is expected to further increase the number of households which could be potential targets for the 2W industry. 30% 12 million 40% 16. 8 25% 25% 10 7. 9 8 5. 4 6 20% 14% 15% 10% 4 7% 2 5% 0 0% 2001 No. of Rural Househol ds 2011 No. of Urban Households 2W Penetration Rural 2W Penetration Urban Source Census 2011 ICRA LIMITED Chart 3 Trend in 2W Population in India.30 25 million 20 Population of 22. 5 million units, equivalent to cumulative 2W sales volumes from 1995 to 2001 Population of 51. 8 million units, equivalent to cumulative 2W sales volumes from 2007 to 2011 24. 0 15 13. 3 10 9. 3 5 0 2001 2W Population Rural 2011 2W Population Urban Source Census 2011, SIAM, ICRAs Estimates Chart 4 Age Profile of 2W in India 100% 90% 30% 39% 80% 70% 53% 17% 60% 50% 21% 40% 30% 35% 52% 20% 10% 0% 40% 11% Motorcycle 10 years Scooters 6-10 years Source SIAM, ICRAs Estimates ICRA LIMITED Shrinking Replacement Cycle 27. 8 Mopeds 0-5 years.While the 2W population in India has more than doubled over the last decade, the replacement cycle is estimated to have reduced from around 7 years (in 2001) to around 5 years (in 2011). The step-down in 2W replacement cycle implies that the average annual mileage covere d per 2W has been on the rise, given that (distance run multiplied by age) of 2Ws is unlikely to have changed much over the years. As per industry estimates, around 50% of the total domestic sales of 2W are now made to first-time buyers, 30% to customers looking to upgrade from their existing vehicle, and 20% to buyers seeking a spot vehicle for the household.The break-up suggests that currently around 50% of the sales in the domestic 2W market are made to replacement buyers. Considering that the industry has sold around 49 million 2W in the domestic market in the last five years, the total replacement demand works out to be a fairly large number. Add to this the healthy growth in sales to first-time buyers in recent years, driven in particular by sales to the rural market, the replacement opportunity could only increase in the future.From the consumer perspective, although replacement involves fresh capital spending, the inducement of upgrading to an improved technology 2W, having better performance, features and more attractive styling complemented with increased spending propensity are expected to be the prime ingredients feeding replacement demand. SEGMENTAL ANALYSIS OF THE 2W INDUSTRY The motorcycles segment accounts for a bulk of 2W industrys sales volumes however, the scooters segment has grown relatively faster over the last five years Chart 5 Trend in 2W Segment Volume Mix (Domestic) 100% 90%.4. 5% 12. 0% Chart 6 Trend in segment-wise sales volume growth of 2W 5. 7% 5. 8% 6. 0% 5. 9% 5. 8% 45% 14. 5% 15. 5% 15. 6% 17. 6% 19. 1% 35% 80% 70% 25% 60% 50% 40% 83. 5% 15% 79. 8% 78. 7% 78. 4% 76. 5% 75. 1% 30% 5% 20% -5% 10% 0% 2006-07 Source SIAM 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 Motorcycles Scooters Mopeds 2011-12 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 -15% Motorcycles Scooters Mopeds Source SIAM With sales volumes of 10. 1 million units, the motorcycles segment is the largest sub-segment of the domestic 2W industry accounting for a bulk of its vo lumes.However, over the last five years, the motorcycles segment has seen its volume share in the domestic 2W industry slide down to 75. 1% in 2011-12 from the highs of 83. 5% recorded in 2006-07. Although domestic motorcycle volumes grew at 9. 0% CAGR during the last five years, both the scooters segment as well as the mopeds segment grew at a much faster CAGR of 22. 2% and 17. 0%, respectively contributing to reduction in the motorcycle segments volume share. The three 2W sub-segments are targeted at distinct consumer categories.The motorcycles are targeted at the male population in both rural areas as well as urban areas (with further segmentation based on usage pattern family bike or individual bike, consumer profile commuter Vs performance seeker etc) the scooters are more of an urban phenomenon targeted at the female population (TVS Scooty, Hero Pleasure), male population (Hero Maestro) as well as unisex offerings (Honda Activa, TVS Wego) mopeds are targeted at the lower mid dle-class segment and derive a large part of their volume share from the rural sector where they are used as a utility vehicle bearing heavy loads on rough village roads.While each of the three sub-segments has distinctive growth drivers, we expect the scooters segment to maintain its pace of growth faster than that of the 2W industry as a whole. The faster volume growth of the scooters segment is expected to be driven by (a) growing acceptability of gearless scooters, particularly by women (b) rising urbanization and increasing proportion of working women (c) expanding product offerings in the scooters segment and (d) comparatively lower base.Accordingly, ICRA expects the scooters segment to gradually increase its share in the domestic 2W market from 19. 1% in 2011-12 to 27% by 2016-17E. With this, the volumes in the domestic scooters market are estimated to get doubled by 2016-17E over the current levels.

American way of life Essay

Choose one scene from The Crucible that you consider being particularly dramatic, exciting or tense. Explain your choice and discuss the importance of this scene to the melt as a whole.McCarthyism is the term describing a period, 1940s and 50s, when the USA was obsessed with a fear of communists secretly trying to destroy the American government agency of life. During this period thousands of Americans were accused of communism and were put on trial, they were asked ab give away their personal lives, friends and political beliefs. They were persuaded to pass on names of communists then they could go free. This is much like the Salem witch trials when each of the accused witches were trialed and if they told the greet a name of another person they were no longer accused. Rather Miller was trialed in 1956 and refused to itemise them any names. He was angry that mass persecution could become hysteria.I have chosen the scene where joke has confessed to his affair with Abigail and no w Elizabeth has to tell Danforth if it is true. This scene is rattling tense because if Elizabeth lies then hind end will cohere but if she tells the truth he will live. This is the point in the play that we find out if Elizabeth even soness loves bum and this is also the point that Abigail realises that throne doesnt feel anything for her.At the beginning of the scene John and Abigail are told to look away from Elizabeth so they cant give her a sign of what to say.Abigails presence raises tension for John, Elizabeth and everyone else in the room. When Elizabeth enters she is made to stand alone. This distance between the characters is symbolic of the distance in their relationship. At this point Elizabeth is standing alone facing Danforth. This is an extremely tense point in the play because Elizabeth is in control of Johns fate. Elizabeth keeps trying to look at John for a sign. She starts to leave off a lot because she still hasnt made her mind up about what she is going t o say. This is very tense for the audience because they know what she should say but Elizabeth doesnt, this is called dramatic irony.Danforth starts to get angry because Elizabeth keeps glancing at John but Danforth says The answer is in your memory and you need no help to give it to me. This shows he is acquiring impatient with her. Arthur Miller shows Danforths anger by using lots of exclamation marks after Danforths speech. Danforth starts to ask lots of short curt questions very quickly. Elizabeth continues to stall and she starts to get very protective of John.She says Your honour I in that time I were sick. And I my husband is a good and clear man. This is a senseless build up the audience believes Elizabeth is trying to portray John as a good man before she tells Danforth that he has committed lechery. This shows that she is edging towards telling the truth and that she still loves John because she is trying to save some of his dignity by saying good things about him. Th is false build up is ended when she starts to talk about things but before she finishes her sentence she changes to a varied subject. At this point Elizabeth is equiverating and starts to struggle.Danforth ask Elizabeth outright To you own knowledge, has John Proctor ever committed the offensive activity of lechery Danforths anger is shown by not having a question mark just an exclamation mark. This is the culminate of the play because Elizabeth now has to give a proper answer and the audience will find out what Elizabeth is going to say. Elizabeth answers (faintly)No,sir shows us that Elizabeth still loves John and we find out that John will be hanged, this pointedness action shows that she was reluctant to say no. After this John tells her to tell the truth and before the adit is shut Elizabeth realises that she has done the wrong thing and says Oh, god Johns fate is now sloshed but he tries to protest but this has not effect on Sanfords decision that John will be hanged.

Dogfight over Europe: Ryanair (a)

For the soap phthisis of J. SICINSKI Harvard production line School9-700-115 Rev. November 21, 2007 scuffle everyplace atomic number 63 Ryanair (A) In April, 1986, the upstart Irish air duct Ryanair announced that it would in brief commence officefulness amongst Dublin and London. For to the senior highest degree a year, the raw airline had operated a 14-seat turboprop in the midst of Waterford, in the southeast of Irecommonwealth, and Gatwick radiateport on the outskirts of London. The founders of Ryanair, br another(prenominal)s Cathal and Declan Ryan, felt that serve well on that graduation exercise route had developed well. They knew, however, that the Dublin-London route would pose new challenges.For the first magazine, they would face Aer Lingus, British denudeways, and other established competitors on a major route. European melody The environment in which the Ryan brothers launched their f directgling carrier had yearn been shaped by Europes subject area governments. 1Privately throwed, commercialised airlines sprang up in Europe following World War I. Soon, however, the governments of Britain, France, Germany, and other countries began to amalgamate the first, small airlines into rural areaal lurch carriers. Each of these airlines literally carried the flag of its nation on the tails of its aircraft.Figuratively withal, each airline carried the flag, constituent as an international emissary. Predecessors of British Airways, Air France, Lufthansa, and others gradually became owned by, and subsidized by, their national governments. The route structures of British, French, Dutch, and Belgian flag carriers developed to serve the colonial aims of their respective governments. For instance, the aircraft of British Airways predecessor, the aptly named Imperial Airways, were familiar sights in India, South Africa, Australia, and other British outposts by the 1930s. Service focused on international routes from each nations capital t o colonies, other areas of national influence, and the capitals of other European countries. Intra-country service was sparse, boastfullyly connecting provincial cities to the capital. Fares on domestic routes were often kept high to subsidize international service. World War II brought advances in aviation that made air break widely economical for the first quantify. The aftermath of the war also brought the threat of American dominance in air travel.Had free competition been permitted on international routes, the efficient, in private owned carriers of the United States would likely have won the lions share of the market. 3A plant of three-lobed and bilateral agreements averted this outcome. The International Air Traffic Association (IATA), essentially a government-endorsed cartel of the major airlines, emerged to set international amounts. Governments negotiated bilateral agreements that regulated all aspects of air travel between pairs of countries. In Europe, pooling ar g etments became common.Under pooling, the routes between, say, France and Italy would be assumption strictly to Air France and Alitalia. The two flag carriers would Professor Jan W. Rivkin prepared this case as the basis for mannequin discussion rather than to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of an administrative situation. copyright 2000, 2007 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. To order copies or request permission to reproduce materials, call 1-800-545-7685, write Harvard trading School Publishing, Boston, MA 02163, or go to http//www. hbsp. harvard. edu.No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, used in a spreadsheet, or transmitted in any form or by any meanselectronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwisewithout the permission of Harvard Business School. This written enter is true for use tho by Jan Sicinski in strategical Management IBP 10-11 taught by Dr. TOMASZ LUDWICKI from October 2010 to April 2011. 1 For the undivided use of J. SICINSKI 700-115Dogfight over Europe Ryanair (A) pool their substance and revenue, then divide the proceeds in an agreed-upon manner.Carriers were banned from flights that did not bring forth or terminate on their national s oil color Air France, for instance, could not fly from Rome to capital of Kentucky or Milan. Intra-country service was also regulated strictly. To varying degrees, domestic fares were set by government authorities, and entranceway by new airlines was discouraged. The collapse of European empires and the advent of resinys capable of crossing the Atlantic economically led virtually all European flag carriers to refocus their international efforts on routes across the North Atlantic in the late 1950s.Heavy and growing demand for transportation to and from North America made such routes extremely profitable, at least(prenominal) initially. Europes system of regulation soon came under pressure. A late-1950s drive to unify the flag carriers of France, West Germany, Belgium, and Italy collapsed under the weight of disparate national recreates. By 1960, the Economist mag bemoaned the state of the heavily regulated, fragmented airline industry. The basic trouble, it concluded, remains that the world has too many airlines, near of them inefficient, undercapitalised and unprofitable. 4Though the IATA introduced some forms of restricted, discount fares in the 1950s, consumers grew dissatisfied with high worths. European regulations applied mostly to regularly plan service between destinations. To bypass these regulations and to tap pent-up demand for leisure travel, charter airlines appeared and grew rapidly during the 1960s. These start-ups, funded in part by shipping companies, offered holiday makers cheap fares on non-scheduled flights and inclusive tours that bundled flights with lodging.Charter holidays climbd especially pop among British and Irish vacationers, who used them to escape th e North Sea for sunnier climes. By the mid-1980s, charter flights would transport 60% of all European passengers. 5 signal flag carriers responded to the independent charter airlines both by establishing new discounts within the IATA structure and by starting charter subsidiaries themselves. The 1970s took airlines around the world into financial straits (Exhibit 1). The introduction of wide-bodied aircraft such as the Boeing 747 increased capacity on the North Atlantic route dramatically.The OPEC oil embargo raised the price of jet fuel, and the ensuing recession cut demand for air travel. These events hit Europes flag carriers, with their heavily unionized supplys and high fixed costs, especially hard. Exhibit 2 compares the staff productivity of European and U. S. airlines in 1978. In 1978, the U. S. Congress approved the thorough deregulating of the domestic U. S. airline industry. Pricing, route scheduling, entry, and plump were freed up dramatically. Prices plunged rapidly as airlines competed vigorously for marginal customers.Twenty-two new, low-cost carriers entered the market between 1978 and 1980. 6Most of the new airlines soon failed, however. Established players such as American, United, and Delta used hub-and-spoke route structures and electronic computerized reservation systems to spur a new wave of consolidation. Following consolidation, prices and profitability remained low and unstable. Strong U. S. airlines reached out for new routes into Europe. The U. S. experience brought calls for European deregulation from consumer advocates and supporters of competition.A 1984 memorandum from the European Commission proposed the abolition of pooling arrangements, price fixing, and government subsidies. Trade unions and flag carriers allied to vote out the proposal. In 1986, the Single European Act called for the creation of a unified European market by the end of 1992. The market was intended to comprise an area without internal frontiers in which the free movement of goods, persons, operate and capital is ensured. 7 Industry observers expected new proposals for the openhandedization of the European airline industry to follow.This document is authorized for use only by Jan Sicinski in Strategic Management IBP 10-11 taught by Dr. TOMASZ LUDWICKI from October 2010 to April 2011. 2 For the exclusive use of J. SICINSKI Dogfight over Europe Ryanair (A)700-115 British Aviation and British Airways While Europe as a whole remained dominated by state-owned carriers with government- mandated monopolies or near-monopolies, individual countries moved to liberalize their domestic airline industries and to push for international deregulation on a bilateral basis with individual countries. The United realm was among the most aggressive in doing so. As advance(prenominal) as 1971, Britains airline regulator, the Civil Aviation Authority, encouraged the establishment of British Caledonian Airways (BCal) as a second force to compete with t he dominant, state-owned British Airways (BA). force back Party governments, however, subsequently protected BA from BCals incursions. Though independent airlines such as BCal and British midland operated in the U. K. during this period, momentum for airline deregulation picked up only after the election of the Conservative, market-minded top Minister Margaret Thatcher in 1979.An early Thatcher bill required, for the first time, that regulators give the interests of consumers equal weight to the interests of operators when allocating manifests for new routes. A hallmark of Thatchers government was the privatization of state-owned enterprises, and a centerpiece of her privatization programme was a proposed flotation of BA on the stock market. The state of BA in 1979, however, precluded a rapid privatization. The cost structure of BA and its predecessors had been high at least since the end ofWorld War II, when the flag carrier was expected to find a project for every demobilized member of the Royal Air Force. 9In 1977, the U. S. carrier Delta transported 30. 7 million passengers with 31,000 employees while BAs staff of 54,300 moved 14. 5 million passengers. 10After thin profits in the late 1970s, BA suffered a waiver of UK? 102 million on revenue of UK? 1,760 million in 1981. A new chairman, John faga self-made millionaire with experience in the ball-bearing industrywas brought in to revive BA and prepare it for privatization.With generous interruption packages, King bring down BAs staff to 38,000 by 1985. Loss-making routes were surrendered to competitors, and maintenance stations and training colleges were shuttered. King soon yielded the reins to Colin marshal, a former executive of car rental agency Avis, who began to improve customer service. Marshall paid particular attention to satisfying full-fare business customers. By 1984, BA was earning record profits (Exhibit 3), and its privatization was being planned for 1987. Deregulation slowed during the period of BAs turnaround.A Civil Aviation Authority proposal to transport some of BAs routes to BCal, for instance, was defeated in 1984, largely because the Treasury Ministry opposed the plan. In 1986, BA operated one of the worlds most extensive airline route internets, serving 145 destinations in 68 countries. 11No airline carried more international passengers. International journeys accounted for roughly two-thirds of the seats that BA exchange and nine-tenths of its revenue. closely 80% of passengers passed through Londons main airport at Heathrow, one of the worlds busiest transportation hubs.Plying the network was a fleet of 163 aircraft, ranging from 44-seat turboprops to Boeing 747s with room for nearly 400. Since 1980, BA had invested roughly UK? 700 million to leverage 55 new aircraft, mostly for service within Europe. The company was beginning to upgrade its intercontinental fleet. In the United Kingdom and New York, BA provided its own passenger and ground ser vices (e. g. , for passenger check-in, baggage handling, and aircraft cleaning). Elsewhere, it hired contractors to perform such services.BA catered its own flights from Heathrow, but contracted out all other catering. The company performed most of its own maintenance from a base at Heathrow and had engineering capabilities at three-quarters of the airports it served. BA sold tickets over the telephone and in 171 retail shops worldwide, where agents also sold package vacations. In addition, 49,000 independent travel agents had the ability to book tickets on BA via computerized reservation systems, including BAs own system. Such agents accounted for 83% of the companys scheduled passenger revenue.BA pitched its services to a wide range of This document is authorized for use only by Jan Sicinski in Strategic Management IBP 10-11 taught by Dr. TOMASZ LUDWICKI from October 2010 to April 2011. 3 For the exclusive use of J. SICINSKI 700-115Dogfight over Europe Ryanair (A) business and lei sure travelers. Accordingly, it offered a spectrum of ticket prices with varying restrictions and the full range of classes of servicefrom first class to economy. Especially among business travelers, BA was known for its improving in-flight amenities. Exhibit 4 shows BAs revenue and operating cost per scheduled passenger.The 6. 9% operating margin shown on that point reflects BAs entire route network. In Europe alone, the carrier clear a 4. 4% margin. Irish Aviation and Aer Lingus As a country with a small population, curb land jackpot (roughly 250 kilometers across and 400 long), and no colonial possessions, Ireland did not lend itself naturally to commercial aviation. 12 in so far in 1936, a mere 15 years after Irelands initial political separation from Britain and 13 years before full independence, government and private interests in Ireland came together to form Aer Lingus, a flag carrier for the emerging state.Government support proved crucial in the airlines early days. annual losses in the 1930s and 1940s commonly ran between 20% and 100% of revenue. non until the early 1950s did the airline earn a profit in consecutive years, and then only for a short period. Early on, passenger traffic focused on routes between Ireland and Britain, where a large population of Irish emigrants resided. To develop these routes, the Irish and British governments struck an unusual arrangement in 1946. finished BAs predecessors, the British government took a 40% stake in Aer Lingus, leaving 60% in the hands of Ireland.Aer Lingus was granted monopoly rights to routes over the Irish Sea. BAs predecessors gained the valuable right to land at Shannon Airport on Irelands west coast, refuel, and offer on across the Atlantic. (Aircraft ranges at the time required such a refueling stop. ) In exchange, Aer Lingus was allowed to land in Manchester, take on passengers, and continue to continental Europe. Such onward rights were rare in Europe and marked the beginning of rela tively liberal bilateral agreements between Britain and Ireland.The British partnership continued for a decade until Aer Lingus desire to develop its own trans-Atlantic routes, to reach the large ethnic Irish populations in New York and Boston, created a rift. Amicably, the British government reduced and eventually relinquished its stake in Aer Lingus. The predecessors of BA and independent carriers such as British Midland began to fly routes between Britain and Ireland. Problems on the North Atlantic corridor in the 1970s hit Aer Lingus especially hard. Compared to other carriers on the route, Aer Lingus drew its passengers especially heavily from the ranks of tourists.Tourist passengers actively sought promotional fares, created erratic peaks of seasonal demand, and largely stayed at home during the recession of the mid-1970s. The Irish government insisted that Aer Lingus continue to fly the North Atlantic corridor disrespect losses on the route. 13 Aer Lingus first published its objectives in 1971 and had, by 1986, reviewed and ratified the statement a progeny of times. The statement called on Aer Lingus to provide an air transport service that was safe, efficient, reliable, and profitable. The airline touted the many benefits it brought to the Irish community national development, promotion of tourism, employment, a contribution to the balance of payments, and educational, social, and cultural services. 14 Losses in the 1970s prompted Aer Lingus to seek new sources of revenue and profit. We perceived that an airline with a limited home market, limited financial resources and a cyclical product would have to diversify, reflected one of Aer Lingus chief executives. 15Aer Lingus began to offer maintenance service and engineer training to other airlines.Successful introduction of its computer reservation system led Aer Lingus to offer computer consulting and data processing services. The company also entered the hotel business in London, Paris, and New Engla nd. By 1986, This document is authorized for use only by Jan Sicinski in Strategic Management IBP 10-11 taught by Dr. TOMASZ LUDWICKI from October 2010 to April 2011. 4 For the exclusive use of J. SICINSKI Dogfight over Europe Ryanair (A)700-115 so-called ancillary businesses include hospital management in capital of Iraq and an investment in robotics. In 1984-85, air transportation, irline-related services such as maintenance, and non-airline businesses provided Aer Lingus operating profits of 0. 5 million Irish pounds (I? ), I? 12. 7 million, and I? 17. 1 million, respectively. 16Within air transportation, Aer Lingus domestic and European routes earned a modest operating profit while its trans-Atlantic flights sustained operating losses for the sixth time in seven years. 17During the coming decade, Aer Lingus faced tens of millions of pounds of investment to replace aging jets in its fleet. Government officials were contemplating the bargain of part of the company to finance the capital expenditures.Ryanair Cathal and Declan Ryan had essentially grown up in the airline industry. 18Their father, Tony Ryan, had long worked for Aer Lingus. As the flag carriers aircraft leasing manager, the elder Ryan struck innovative deals to lease excess capacity to other airlines. From 1973 to 1975, for instance, he arranged for an Aer Lingus 747 and its Irish crew to ply Air Siams route between Bangkok and Los Angeles. 19In 1975, Tony Ryan co-founded Guinness Peat Aviation, which quickly became the largest aircraft leasing company in the world.Tony Ryans 10% stake in Guinness Peat Aviation gave him competent wealth to invest a million Irish pounds in his sons efforts to launch an airline. Both sons were in their 20s when Ryanair initiated service in 1985. At first, Ryanair used a 14-seat turboprop aircraft to gestate a scheduled service between Waterford in the southeast of Ireland and Gatwick Airport, one of Londons secondary airports. This initial service was intended to prove the companys ability to operate a scheduled airline successfully. In 1986, Ryanair gained a license to operate between Dublin and Luton, another of Londons secondary airports.Aer Lingus and BA already operated on the Dublin-London route, which was reputed to be quite lucrative for both carriers. Indeed, Aer Lingus Chairman noted that Dublin-London is the only route on the Aer Lingus network that has the volume of business to allow of itself a reasonable return on capital. 20Aer Lingus and BAs least expensive, unrestricted round-trip fares on the route were priced at I? 208 (equivalent to UK? 189 at the time). Discount fares as low as I? 99 were available, though they had to be booked one month in advance.Observers felt that the figures shown in Exhibit 4 were typical of Aer Lingus and BAs average revenues and costs for a Dublin-London round trip. Ryanair managers believed that the flights of Aer Lingus and BA were typically 60-70% full. According to airport authorities, hal f a million round-trip passengers flew the route each year. The total number of air passengers on the route had been stagnant for ten years. Roughly three-quarters of a million round-trip travelers opted to use discipline and sea ferries rather than aircraft. The journey took nine hours by rail and ferry and one hour by air.Prices of round-trip rail-and-ferry tickets fell as low as I? 55. 21 On their new Dublin-London service, the Ryan brothers intended to run four round trips per day with a 44-seat turboprop. They did not have permission to fly larger jet aircraft on the route, but hoped to get permission soon. Ryanair would offer meals and amenities comparable to what Aer Lingus and British Airways provided. The company would furcate itself from the flag carriers in two ways. First, its employees would focus intently on delivering first-rate customer service.Second, the company would fritter away a simple, single fare for a ticket with no restrictions. In announcing its Dublin- London service, Ryanair publicized a fare of I? 98. This document is authorized for use only by Jan Sicinski in Strategic Management IBP 10-11 taught by Dr. TOMASZ LUDWICKI from October 2010 to April 2011. 5 700-115 Exhibit 1 For the exclusive use of J. SICINSKI Dogfight over Europe Ryanair (A) Composite advantageousness of All Major, Scheduled European Airlines 10 5 0 -5 Introduction of wide-body jets First oil crisis Second oil crisis -10 Introduction of jets man-made lake Association of European Airlines, 1994 Yearbook, p. 19. Exhibit 2Staff Productivity of U. S. and European Airlines, 1978 Airline U. S. carriers American Eastern Pan American TWA United European carriers Air France Alitalia British Airways KLM Lufthansa Staff 40,134 35,899 26,964 36,549 52,065 32,173 17,040 54,645 17,812 29,400 Passengers per staff memberStaff per aircraft 762158 1,099156 358355 665156 657156 333314 374279 308264 231326 460320 Source House of Lords Select Committee on European Air Fares, 1981, 1 85-7, European Air Fares, Air displace Users Committee, Civil Aviation Authority, 1978.Cited in P. Lyth and H. Dienel, Introduction in H. Dienel and P. Lyth, eds. , prompt the Flag European commercial message Air lift Since 1945 (London Macmillan, 1998), p. 8. This document is authorized for use only by Jan Sicinski in Strategic Management IBP 10-11 taught by Dr. TOMASZ LUDWICKI from October 2010 to April 2011. 6 Profit after interest as a percentage of total costs 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 Dogfight over Europe Ryanair (A) Exhibit 3British Airways Performance, 1977-85 For the exclusive use of J. SICINSKI 700-115 Revenue (mm UK? ) Operating profit before taxes and interest (mm UK? )Passengers (mm) Staff (thousands) Available ton-kilometers (mm) T on-kilometersused(mm) Load* (%) 197719791981 1,073. 91,403. 31,760 95. 876. 0(102) 14. 515. 817. 0 54. 355. 953. 6 6,2337,1647,930 3,6074,4164,812 586261 19831985 2,0512,905 169292 16. 318. 4 45. 938. 1 7,2087,837 4,4615,267 626 7 * Load = region of available ton-kilometers used, a measure of capacity utilization. Source British Airways Annual Reports. Cited in P. Lyth, Chosen Instruments The phylogeny of British Airways in H. Dienel and P. Lyth, eds. , Flying the Flag European technical Air Transport Since 1945 (London Macmillan, 1998), pp. 2, 74. Exhibit 4British Airways just Revenue and Cost per Passenger, 1986 UK? Revenue 151. 3 Operating expenses Staff32. 4 Depreciation & amortization7. 8 Fuel & oil28. 9 Engineering and other aircraft costs8. 9 Selling16. 4 Aircraft operating leases3. 1 Landing fees and en route charges10. 6 Handling charges, catering, & other15. 1 Accommodation, ground equipment & other17. 7 Percent of I? Revenue 166. 5100. 0% 35. 721. 4% 8. 65. 1% 31. 819. 1% 9. 85. 9% 18. 010. 8% 3. 42. 0% 11. 77. 0% 16. 610. 0% 19. 511. 7% Subtotal 140. 9 Operating profit10. 411. 4Source berth writer calculations, based on British Airways Prospectus, February 11, 1987. This document is authori zed for use only by Jan Sicinski in Strategic Management IBP 10-11 taught by Dr. TOMASZ LUDWICKI from October 2010 to April 2011. 7 155. 193. 1% 6. 9% For the exclusive use of J. SICINSKI 700-115Dogfight over Europe Ryanair (A) Notes 1 This section draws especially on P. Lyth and H. Dienel, Introduction, in H. Dienel and P. Lyth, eds. , Flying the Flag European Commercial Air Transport Since 1945 (London Macmillan, 1998), pp. 1-17. 2 P. Lyth, Chosen Instruments The Evolution of British Airways, in H.Dienel and P. Lyth, eds. , Flying the Flag European Commercial Air Transport Since 1945 (London Macmillan, 1998), p. 50. 3 P. Lyth and H. Dienel, Introduction, in H. Dienel and P. Lyth, eds. , Flying the Flag European Commercial Air Transport Since 1945 (London Macmillan, 1998), p. 3. 4 Unfree as the Air, The Economist, whitethorn 28, 1960. 5 P. Lyth and H. Dienel, Introduction, in H. Dienel and P. Lyth, eds. , Flying the Flag European Commercial Air Transport Since 1945 (London Macmilla n, 1998), p. 7. 6 N. Donohue and P. Ghemawat, The U. S. Airline Industry, 1978-1988 (A), HBS Case 390-025. A. P. Dobson, Flying in the Face of Competition (Hants Avebury Aviation, 1995), p. 192. 8 This section draws especially on P. Lyth, Chosen Instruments The Evolution of British Airways in H. Dienel and P. Lyth, eds. , Flying the Flag European Commercial Air Transport Since 1945 (London Macmillan, 1998), pp. 50- 86. 9 P. Lyth, Chosen Instruments The Evolution of British Airways in H. Dienel and P. Lyth, eds. , Flying the Flag European Commercial Air Transport Since 1945 (London Macmillan, 1998), p. 65. 10 P. Lyth, Chosen Instruments The Evolution of British Airways in H.Dienel and P. Lyth, eds. , Flying the Flag European Commercial Air Transport Since 1945 (London Macmillan, 1998), pp. 72-73. 11 The following description of British Airways in 1986 draws on the companys February 11, 1987, prospectus. 12 This section draws especially on M. ORiain, Aer Lingus, 1936-1986 A Business M onograph, 1987 and B. Share, The Flight of the Iolar The Aer Lingus Experience, 1936-1986 (Dublin Gill and Macmillan, 1986). 13 H. Carnegy, Turbulent Times for Aer Lingus, Financial Times, June 3, 1986. 14 Aer Lingus Annual Report, March 31, 1986. 15 Extract from M. J.Dargans address to the 50th Anniversary Banquet of Aer Lingus in the Royal Hospital, Kilmainham, 27 May 1986. Quoted in M. ORiain, Aer Lingus, 1936-1986 A Business Monograph, 1987. 16 H. Carnegy, Turbulent Times for Aer Lingus, Financial Times, June 3, 1986. 17 Aer Lingus Annual Report, March 31, 1986. 18 This section draws especially on interviews conducted with Ryanair personnel between February 10 and February 17, 2000, including Michael OLeary, chief operating officer Declan Ryan, founder Charlie Clifton, Director of Ground Operations and Inflight and Kevin Osborne, Director of Purchasing and Administration. 9 B. Share, The Flight of the Iolar The Aer Lingus Experience, 1936-1986 (Dublin Gill and Macmillan, 1986), pp. 203- 206. 20 Aer Lingus Annual Report, March 31, 1986. 21 J. Fagan, Air Price War Hits Sea Route Traffic, Financial Times, kinfolk 24, 1987. H. Carnegy, UK-Irish Air Route Challenge, Financial Times, April 24, 1986. This document is authorized for use only by Jan Sicinski in Strategic Management IBP 10-11 taught by Dr. TOMASZ LUDWICKI from October 2010 to April 2011. 8

Food Hygeine

4. 3 Describe basic food safety when providing food and drink to children and young masses The Prevention of Food Poisoning Store food safely hold open food cold, the fridge should be unbroken as cold as possible without freezing the food ( 1-5 . c or 34-41. c) Freezers should be kept at -18 or below Cover or stick in food with food wrap of microwave cling film Never refreeze food Do not use food that is ult the sell-by date forever and a day read instructions on food packaging when storing food Once a tin is open store in a covered potStore raw foods at the bottom of the fridge in case of any dripping onto cooked food Always lick hands in tippy soapy water and dry thoroughly in the first place handling food Wear change prophylactic enclothe when in the kitchen Keep food covered at alone times Wash all fruit and vegetables before use Never cough up or sneeze over food Always cover cuts with a blue plaster Keep work surfaces and chopping boards clean use different benig hted chopping boards for raw meat raw fish fruit and vegetables Make sure that meat is cooked through before serving Avoid raw eggs as you could get salmonellaWhen reheating food make sure it is spicy all the way through the dish to kill any germs Keeping the Kitchen Safe Teach the children to wash their hands before eating or preparing food and after they have used the toilet Keep it clean to avoid flies and other insects in the kitchen Stay away from the kitchen if you have sickness or diarrhoea Keep the kitchen clean Clean work surfaces, the floor, utensils, sink, cloths and rubbish bins Tea towels and wash cloths should be kept clean and washed regularly Keep all rubbish bins covered and empty them regularlyKeep sharp knives and scissors hold stored safely where the children cannot reach them Good Food Hygiene When serving, preparing and clearing away food after meals and snacks you should advert the rules of food hygiene. 1. Wash hands with warm soapy water and dry them thoro ughly 2. Wear clean protective clothing 3. Ensure any washout up is done with hot water and washing up liquid and wear rubber gloves.If possible put the washing up in a dish washer. 4. Tea towels should be washed regularly and clean ones should be used daily. 5. Never cough or sneeze over food or drink Wearing Aprons Wearing aprons helps to protect clothing and to stop the spread of germs Hand Washing Chopping Boards Using different coloured chopping boards helps to prevent cross transmission when preparing food.