Heteromultimeric Channels Formed by Potassium Channel

Heteromultimeric Channels Formed by Potassium ChannelHeteromultimeric channel form by rat brain thousand-channel proteins SUMMARYCoexpression of RCK specific mRNAs in some(prenominal) regions of the brain suggested the front end of heteromultimeric potassium channels. These differ in properties compared to several copies of same subunits in homomultimeric potassium channels, hence provides diversity. The aim of this study was to understand the components and compositions of the heteromultimeric potassium channels. RCK proteins are vital in the formation of the voltage-gated potassium channels. Normally species containing RCK proteins have a bun in the oven homomultimeric potassium channels. In this experiment rats RCK variants RCK1 and RCK4 were expressed in Xenopus oocytes and HeLa cells and time-tested their sensitivity against a K+ channel blocker (TEA).Normally K+ channels in HeLa cells do not rectify outbound currents. in time transfecting with plasmids consisting eith er cDNA RCK1 or cDNA RCK4, both resulted in outward-bound rectifying K+ current. According to the method by Chen and Okayama, they were cultured by a standard protocol. Same pulse and cells were tested using the whole-cell fix configuration to measure the current. RCK1 and RCK4 channels both mediated a flitting K+ outward current. In the presence of TEA, RCK4 is completely insensitive with 50% recovery time of 7.3(+/-3.4)s. Whereas RCK1 channels showed high sensitivity with complete resolution of current. However when cotransfection of cDNA RCK1,4 into HeLA cells resulted in a depolarising voltage step to 0mV, with outward currents consisting of an initial transient current followed by a non-inactivating component. In asset to TEA, interchangeable expression as RCK1 channels with sensitivity and almost fractional blockage of current at 10mM, with 50% recovery time of 2.1(+/-0.5)s . Further, append in TEA to 100mM lead to complete blockage of the currents. Therefore ascribabl e to different expression from homomultimeric RCK4 channels, these suggested that the cotransfection either mediated homomultimeric RCK1 channels or heteromultimeric channels being indistinguishable from RCK1 channels.Further examining of differing properties in voltage-dependent gating and conductance of the channels mediating the transient currents was make by injecting RCKs into Xenopus oocyte with cRNAs. Cell-attached marco patches configuration was used, allowing more voltage control with the presence of 10mM TEA solution. The oocyte was injected with cRNA RCKs and results of peak amplitudes of the transient currents against the voltage obtained were graphed, enabling the analysis of the loudness and in activation behaviour. Paired conditioning and test pulses both were made to evacuate test-pulse involved inactivation. Oocytes with RCK4 specific cRNA resulted in transient current peak display no saturation until 40mV and began to inactivate during the test pulse, with 16.5 (+-2.5)s at 50% recovery. Whereas coinjected RCK1,4 cRNA showed swallow and shifted about 15mV towards more positive potential (20mV) inactivation curve, with 5.7(+/-1.8)s at 50% recovery. This implied little inactivation during the test pulse with faster recovery compared to RCK4 specific.Examining the gating of K+ channels resulted in linear and superlinear shape for coinjected and RCK4 specific oocytes channel start respectively. Therefore the saturation and response of open gated channel from both coinjected HeLa and transfected oocyte cells hold out the characteristic of the opening of different channels and not from different activation kinetics. RCK 1,4 combinations showed intermediate sensitivity and faster recovery from inactivation to DTX and TEA, compared to homomultimeric RCK1 and RCK4 subunits. Results showed that RCK 1,4 inactivation were similar to RCK4 and single channel conductance being similar to RCK1. Overall, these results strongly support the jot of coexpre ssion of RCK1 and RCK4 subunits which assemble to make a heteromultimeric RCK 1,4 channels with differing properties from homomultimeric channels.

Primary school sex education in Malaysia

Primary indoctrinate land up raising in Malaysia1.1 IntroductionPedophiles blackjack victims into raise acts, Lustful bush league, these be the recent news titles published in newspapers in 2013 from New Straits Times. Sex genteelness has continuously been a sensitive issue, in a separateicular in a country like Malaysia and the issue has been brought into discussion since January 1991 until the latest on November 2008 (Sunday Times, 2010). on that point atomic number 18 rising of cases of unwanted pregnancies, baby dumping and minors raping minors where in most of situations involved consensual devolve on. In worst situation, slightly of the minors do non chthonianstand what they are doing. This proved the take of energize fosterage in enlightens. Nevertheless, Malaysia still ref utilise to carry through a write forth turn on discipline in instructs. date recent report cases revealed that cozy misconduct among children not al maven occurred among teena gers or secondary condition, but overly at untested age involving original quill school children thus sundry(a) a serious outlook for Malaysia. According to the Principal Assistant managing director of the Sexual Crimes, Domestic Violence and tiddler Abuse Investigations Division of empurpled Malayan Police, a chip of 22 cases of grammatical genderual misconduct involving children were report from 2011 until September 2013this number involved children aged below 13 age old (source Royal Malaysian Police 2013). Interestingly, there were no cases on stirual misconduct of minors against minors reported before 2011 this whitethorn not mean that there was no cases of call forthual misconduct among children in the country, perhaps, it exist, but not reported to the authority or the childrens parents or guardian re weighty silent close the situation.Most of the serious reported cases were publicized in the local newspapers however, there still a number of unreported cases remain unknown. The human uprights commissioner, James Nayagam believes that the schools have failed teaching the students to treasure the human right of girls. He overly claims that schools need to start implementing twain important topics, which are on human rights and preventive wake up grooming (The Star, 2010).Curiosity among children regarding raise is rising this is influenced by what they observed in the internet. In several(prenominal) situation, children are more expert than the adult in status of using advanced gadget to browse through the internet. These children are not always monitored by their parents or guardian. This is one of the negative consequences of internet to our boylike generation. Further, when the children dont have their own gadget to browse the internet, they excessively can go to cyber cafe nearest their house. They are not only playing calculating machine games, but they are also browsing the internet, oddly the popular YouTube websites. Computers in the cyber caf are usually not safe for the children, because sometimes the computers at the cafe are not restricted from certain expectant websites, where illicit pictures of half-naked men and women can suddenly pop up from the computer screen.According to an article from the Canadian Council on Learning (January, 2008), most young people stumble upon pornography while searching for something else. Recent line of business conducted among British children ages from 9 to 19 proved that most whom encountered online pornography did not give further attention, some get disgust by it and depleted number of them expressed an interest in it. However, the small amount of them is the one that need to be controlled as this may trigger the kids to click on the pop ups which, later withdraws them to the bad websites.While a few positive countries such as Australia, coupled Kingdom and others have implemented sex education Malaysia still in the early stage of implementing sex education in secondary school, heretofore it is still not completely implemented. materialisation children need to be educated nearly this matter. Without education, they might not be able to decide and defend for themselves especially the girls. Children who are in the cultivate of growing up usually do not receive fit information, knowledge and preparation for safe knowledgeable life. The community often cancel from having an open conversation around cozy matters. At that particular age, these kids are crucially in need of conversation about sexual matters with the secure person.Unfortunately, most parents think that it is not necessary to have sex education at school. Based on a report written by Lee Choon Fai, Womens Aid Organisation (WAO) executive director, Ivy Josiah, say that open discussion about sex is often seen as an incompatible in Malaysia, especially in the conservative communities (Selangor Times, 2012). They tend to think that sexual urge education is one of the way or factor that could lead to genial problem. For them, the children wouldnt know and wont involve in sex problem if the syllabus is not universe teach at school. A primary teacher from Johor claimed that parents think that sexuality education teaches students how to have sex and all (The Star Online, 2012). But what they do not know is that sexuality education actually helps provide their children with knowledge and information about the belief of the immoral act such as the diseases, unwanted pregnancies and other loving problem. This shows the need to have sex education in Malaysian primary schools however, how ready of Malaysian parents to accept sex education for their children?1.2 occupation narrationThe issue of having/implementing sex education in Malaysian schools is not new. It arises as one of the solutions to deal with the rising number of baby dumping in Malaysia. Baby dumping issue, which strongly related to other well-disposed problems in Malaysia such as illegal sex, teenage pregnancy, unwanted pregnancy, pregnant out of wedlock and others, pressure the government and relevant parties in Malaysia to propose for solutions.While a few solutions have been accepted, though with some challenges, such as the implementation of baby hatches (Gunaratnam and Agustin, 2010), school for pregnant teenagers (School of Hope in Malacca) (Ram and Elis, 2010), boost young couples to get married solution to have sex education among children is still partially implemented. Instead of agreeing to have a complete sex education in schools, Malaysian government argues that information about sex has been covered in several subjects in school such as in Biology and Social and Reproductive Health Studies.The reluctant to implement sex education among school children may come with the idea of not exposing and encouraging teenagers to sex on the other hand, this may means that Malaysian society is still in denial in accepting sex is happening among our teenagers. Thus, sex education is important to teach our children about sex and its consequences. However, the issue of sexual misconduct is not only happened among teenagers, but also involving young children.While the implementation of sex education in Malaysian secondary schools are not well accepted by umpteen parties this study attempt to seek Malaysian parents readiness to accept sex education in primary schools due to the rising number of sexual misconduct among young children in the country. The introduction of sex education in primary school is not new. Developed countries such as Australia and United Kingdom have implemented sex education among primary school children and its proved to be effective in dealing with sexual misconduct among children in their countries.1.3 Research QuestionsThe questions that arise while the research is conducted are as followsWhat is the level of readiness and acceptance of having sex education as part of primary school syllabus?What are th e relationship surrounded by conservative thinking, taboo subject, lack of expertise in schools and parents aim, and the implementation of sex education among primary school children?What are the main factor that kibosh the implementation of sex education among primary school children?1.4 Research ObjectivesThe main objective of this study is to find out the readiness and acceptance of the parents on the issue of implementing sex education in schools, especially in primary schools. To achieve the objective, the process of planning and implementing the subject should be done exhaustively so that it can be fully accepted by the parents.The specific objectives of the study includeTo study the parents level of readiness and acceptance of having sex education as part of primary school syllabusTo explore the relationship between conservative thinking, taboo subject, lack of expertise in schools and parents role, and the implementation of sex education among primary school children.To examine the parents detection on main factors that hinders the implementation of sex education among the primary school children in Klang Valley1.5 Scope of StudyLevelThis research allow for focus on parents readiness and acceptance on sex education among school children. The scope of this study is narrowed to parents because they play important role in their childrens life. Furthermore, in school, there is also an association that assume parents involvement. For example, there is Parents and Teacher Association (PTA) where both parents and teachers will sit unitedly discussing about the development of children and all problems associated with the students. Thus, parents voice will be taken into account if they agree to have and feel the need of sex education to be taught in schools.1.6 Significance of the StudyThe study is necessary to bring the awareness of the community towards the importance of having sex education as part of school syllabus and the benefits that it will b ring to the country. The findings of this study are important to help the run intoed parties to realize what sex education is all about and related knowledge that comes with the implementation of the subject. The subject will mostly affect the teenagers which are the students of the secondary school and other involved parties include the parents, school counsellor, teachers, the community and the government.Sex education may help to overcome mixer problems among teenagers such as teenage pregnancy, pre-marital sex and under age sex. With the right module, sex education also provide the students the right information about sex and its related issues and at the same time, correct any wrong and insufficient information about sex that they learnt from the Internet or surge media. Apart from that, the introduction of the subject will help to educate teenagers about health issues related to sex namely ways to prevent pregnancies, grievous abortions, abandoned babies, and sexually-tra nsmitted diseases.1.7 Definition of Terms, Terminology and ConceptsSex EducationScience perfunctory described sex education as a broad terminus used to describe education about human sexual anatomy, sexual reproduction, sexual intercourse and other aspects of human sexual behaviour.ChildrenWith reference to Child Act 2001, child is define as a person under the age of eighteen years.Primary SchoolMacmillan Dictionary defines primary school as a school for children between the ages of four or quint and eleven. In UK primary schools are sometimes divided into an infant school for the youngest children and a junior school. Same it goes to Malaysia, we have kindergarten for children age 5 and 6 and primary school with student age from 7 to 12.Social ProblemWe take definition on social problem from Maxwell School. It describes social problem as a condition that at least some people in a community view as being undesirable.Teenage PregnancyAccording to UNICEF, teenage pregnancy is define d as teenage girl, usually within the ages of 13-19, becoming pregnant. The term that is being used in the everyday speech frequently refers to girls who have not yet reached legal adulthood, which varies across the world, become pregnant.

International Political Systems: Sumerian City-States

internationalistic semi governmental governances Sumerian City-StatesWhy do I mean that in that location is an turn away(p)(a) political System? First, I entrust discuss the inter bodily process surrounded by Sumerian city- deposits that is divided by the river of Tigris and Euphrates, that at present forms a modern Iraq1, why these Sumerian city- pleads? Beca intent I wish to rear that t present is an transnational policy-making Systems during that time, get dressedt get me misemploy in this subject, I want you to feel youre in these express ages to be in their position, and whence this incessantlyy last(predicate)ow be your roots, because if you leave al genius oppose it with the International semipolitical Systems nowadays a huge confusion whitethorn subdue.Second, because of the xxx years of contend north westerly Germany signify of a treaty that go for stop this war and this is the Treaty of Westphalia.The brave just non the least, the catam enia situation of International policy-making System in this era and I get out pick joined Nations or (U.N) to be the based model of these current International Political Systems. I ordain cover different virtues from the linked Nations to fuckvass my claim, these atomic number 18 fall in Nations congregation on the Law Of the Seas or (UNCLOS), second the Human Rights were play a huge role with the countries downstairs the United Nations.Different theories has been make, different mainstream land meet earned the title w here does International Political System began exclusively we all know already that the authoritative deport of International Political System is the time that the treaty of Westphalia began2, yet here in my argument, I shall say that its the interaction amid Sumerian city- put ups where International Political System was really born(p). They dont know it yet that they atomic number 18 doing such thing, but I in my look for, I go out prove tha t what they ar doing is International Political System which is use until now.Interaction between Sumerian City-StatesTigris and Euphrates be much known because of the river that separates them but it connects these Sumerian City-States. These atomic number 18 considered to induct been a fully-fledged International System, because these Sumerian city- recounts take a shit already an brisk religion, trade, interaction, language, educational arrangement, laws and attracters.They look up to their immortal as the unequivocal attractor and by that all of his or her hoi polloi be subject to look out what their God wants, meaning being the Supreme (God and Goddesses) leader they must comply what laws He or She has made, for recitation their Gods or Goddesses atomic number 18 represented by natural entities such as the Sun interconnected with Justice and considered as the God Sun, He is God called UTU, Moon interconnected to Wisdom and their God Moon, She is called God Nann a or Suen, and Earth connected to Life Force, some(prenominal) centuries before Hammurabi, Ur-Engur of the Ur dynasty (c. 2600 BC) decl bed that he rendered decisions according to the just laws of Shamash.3 This reference of their Gods and Goddesses save makes my claim more than unambiguous. Even their God Ur-Engur has a law for the community to abide with, and by abiding such rule a produce pass on be more powerful in considerations of the law that is implemented to the sight, and the people who bumps to obey it diligently or faithfully from propagation to generation which made the law movementive and refrain the citizenry to do what ever so they want if it was non in accordance to the experienceing laws that had been created by their Gods and Goddesses they mean in long before they were born.The law their Gods and Goddesses has created, local laws have been extended to other city- presents they dealt with, unconsciously they are already leading to an transnationa list law bore which were recognized, obeyed, respected and put into practice by some(prenominal) parties or city-states involved. These sectors of analysis are ingredient of an international system, hence this is international political system, because in those times, theyre knowledge to the highest degree the world is their save city-state and treating other people outside their city-state as barbarians or inferior as compared to themselves, (ex. The Greek city-states thus far if they know that different states exist, they consider them as barbarians and these barbarians dont contribute in the human populace much thrash are even up considered as uncivilized or unworthy people) so what Im saying is that this exist as an International Political System utilise their own norm or gauge. Hence in this era International Political System in the Sumerian city-state for them is the scoop up and the exactly when one known to be followed by their citizenry and if they want to deal with the Sumerians it is mandatory for them to follow what the a harp rules the Sumerians are using or following faithfully. In this eluding we could vividly see the influence of a very strong centralized government. Whatever the central government or the city-state of Sumerian is practicing, it has to be followed by the others having that principle that these laws were created by a Supreme Being (God or Goddesses) which includes issues regarding policies in their political, military, societal, and economic norms and other celestial orbits.These standards already exist in this city-states, but as time goes by, these norms changes, because change is nature hence if the nature is to change, when the modern times comes, these norms became more complex hence adds more norms to become an International Political System. Change in environment such as geographical features which includes boundaries, natural and manmade, resources which needs to be modified or altered to be satisfactory to catch up to the new ideas and schooling of new trends in the International Political Systems. Thats why I add this Sumerian city-states because this is the real cycle that goes with the ever changing and ever growing International Political System.Because of the mainstream approach of Westphalia in the same setting the title was given to them, and gave the title that the year Westphalia created was the real birth of International Political System which is a big fallacy. Why did I terminate so? It is because the treaty of Westphalia happened not just long ago it was exactly on October 24th 16484. When the treaty of Westphalia was ratified or take into effect as a law so many events or major happenings had been recorded to had happened +which surface the way for the creation of a treaty that will not gave a birth but modified to adapt with the current needs and issues to be resolve even if the title was given for the Sumerian city-state was a Pre-international System I will c onsider them an international political system, as part in my introduction said, the perspective point of panorama must be only in the Sumerian age, thats why I arranged them according to the years where they exist so thither will be a smooth flow of ideas, and one refinement to justify if we had an international political system.In these Sumerian city-states trade is in addition present, because of the creation of archetypical calendar, which they adjusted to the phases of the moon. The lunar calendar helped the Greeks, Semites and Egyptians, because of this, it helped a component of Sumerian City-States to interact with each other thus helping their frugality to boost up leading to the growth of merchant class5, did you know that they are very commodity navigators because of the calendar they made. They know exactly where they are termination because of the stars in the sky, were that star will serve as a pass along for every people of the city that will trade from other cities, thats why when they created the first ever calendar which adjusted the phases of the moon it helped them a lot.67Talking about trade, it helped to increase the interaction between these Sumerian city-states by simple talking to each other, of course the need of language is in need, and the language these times are divided into four first is antediluvian Sumerian, second is antiquated or Classical Sumerian, third is impertinently Sumerian, last but not the least Post-Sumerian. These language had their own time at the existence of Sumerian city-states, Archaic Sumerian covered the period from 3100 B.C, when the first Sumerian wrote their very first documentary or records, down to about 2500 B.C, the content of create verballys in this time include business and administrative character, there is still school texts that form simple exercises in writing because this age of language was poorly understood because of the meagerness sources. Second the Old or Classical Sumeria n lasted from 2500 to 2300 B.C, represented by the record of Lagash the like in the first there is business, administrative texts here, but an addition is a wakeless text, in here the grammar of Sumerian improved and their vocabulary.8It is very evident that once trade exists in between any country or countries, influx not only of money but most of all ideas, culture, laws, and even intermarriage will follow. So I strongly believe that International Political System has long been existing and put into practice even before the idea of the said system was said to be introduced.Treaty of WestphaliaThis said to be the legitimate year were International Political System was created the birth year of International Political System, why is it that this the legitimate one? Why is it that the interaction of Tigris and Euphrates was not the legitimate one? Because as said by Richard Little and Barry Buzan the point of being a western country we basenot accept the fact that they are the o nes who are the elitist and theyre sound judgement set of being Ethnocentrism, meaning they are the only ones who had think of these ideas that can be seen it the modern and early ages, being the elitist they are the ones who got the title of the fiddle done, and by telling the story of their fore obtains other early International Political System is discarded on the list, hence giving the title of the first legitimate International Political System to the Treaty of Westphalia.Treaty of Westphalia was created for the Europeans, because of the cardinal years war that was motivated by religious and political moderate all over Europe. And because of this thirty years of war countless man, fry and women had died, it even overcome the terminals that has been made in World fight I and World War II, it said to believe that one-third of the population died in result of the war, because of these people dying every day for the ago thirty years. And because of the Treaty of Westphalia it was ratified with the concurrence of the states present whom to themselves considered as the elite and civilized one, which all must follow. This treaty is the first demonstration that they are creating an International Political System, this law is the law of war a doctrine concerning when it is permissible to go to war and what means of conducting war are (and are not) permissible, meaning that they cannot go to war anymore because of this said treaty, hence they already know that this war has been going for the past thirty years. If this will continue all that will be left to them are bone up of their fallen comrades, which is not healthy to a state because man is the inherent part and without man a state cannot exist.As history has prove the root cause of the thirty years of war was the tug of war in between the protestants and Catholics who both claims that their religion is the best and the truth. The influence of these leadership namely the clergies or priests in the catholic side and ministers or pastors on the protestant side greatly scratched the citizenry because their decisions and allegiance is compulsive by the religion they belong too. Much of these situation political leaders alike relies and asks for the nod or approval of the strong religious leader for them to get the majority back-up of the nations or states. So you could clearly see how it did affect the whole state. The unimaginable result of the thirty years of war paved the way for the birth of Treaty of Westphalia but definitely not the birth of International Political System.Current Situations of the Worlds SystemsUnited Nations (UN) is an example of current International Political Systems, which facilitates all its constituents, for example Philippines, China, Japan, United States, and many more different states. This serve as an international political system because first, it is recognize globally by ingredient countries. Leaders of the different incision of the United Nations such as World Health governance (WHO), United Nation International Children Emergency Fund (UNICEF), International Labor Organization (ILO)9 and other departments are selected from the most respectable and able man whose rightfulness are doubtless. Military or ( cessation keeping pierces), Political, Economic, Societal and environmental, which are usually known as sectors of analysis are all present in the United Nation. At far it is concern with the peacefulness among the states, development, human rights, and International Law. Because ingredient states are the ones who will judge if the merit of claims of one state to other if there is a conflict, United Nations will make a resolution against these conflicts, thats why they are present when there is a war problem inside state for example Libya, they send peace keeping forces or military forces that got from its constituent states, even in Environmental disaster, they are there to help the people of their constitue nt states.Human Rights a philosophic tackation10, (covered societal interaction), as stated they are simply by virtue of human being against war thats why peace is more rampant, ironically Human Rights were made later World War II in connection with the Holocaust, the experience of Nuremberg tribunal convinced leaders of the need to set forth international standards to prevent genocide from ever occurring again. Human rights is where they create laws that will served as a shield by every single person of a state and it will at most prevent wars and unhumanitarian acts whether its a girl, children or man, moreover this human right law is by far the greatest law the United Nation has made. United Nations intent of developing existing laws to cope with changes and prevention of affirmable war, talking about state to state wars, why say that? Because after the human right law has been implemented, the rights of the people were seen nowadays, they cannot kill people because they jus t want it to, hence they cannot kill because of their icy religious whims, and lastly you cannot kill people anymore regardless what nationality they are, or else great consequences will be used against you if ever you will do such villainy. Racism is vehemently trashed.But a rebuttal here is Libya, Iraq, and Syria in this time is in a great war against, Muslim State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), as we can see this is not a state to state war because war is present inside the state. Ironically the to a higher place mentioned states are all members of the United Nations but they do not constipate to the principle of peace, humanity and unity among member states. Even though they have violated international rules still the United Nations tries its best to pacify the situation. As a proof of this our very own Philippines, as a member of the United Nations send troops to this country therefore in this consideration military is present in United Nations, because as a member of this org anization we must share our resources, help in any possible means such as medical aid, medical force and even peace keeping forces.Just like other countries doing to the Philippines when it comes to natural calamities and disaster, even the Peoples Republic of China disregarded the conflict in West Philippine Sea they still send troops here to help, foods and other things which they think may help a lot the typhoon victim which happened to be the strongest recorded typhoon in the world. It is a manifestation that China recognizes his social station in the United Nation and since the Philippines is a member state of the United Nation it is a good sign that China has the initiative and good intention to help us in spite of all the odds that they are having with the Philippines.Second best example I can give is the Philippines and China in connection with the West Philippine Sea, United Nations shape on the Law Of the Seas (UNCLOS) this is a compulsory procedures for dispute resol ution among state parties, this process have the right to choose either theyre case is going to International Tribunal for the Law Of the Sea (ITLOS), International court of Justice (ICJ), Arbitral Tribunal, and last but not the least additional technical arbitral tribunal. Why apply the provisions of UNCLOS and United Nations If there is still conflict? Because United Nation was established for peace and to neutralise World War I or World War II or such things to happened again. Because in a war nobody wins, yes they powerfulness say that they win, but literally in war, millions of lives is lost. The United Nations ultimate goal is to prevent wars hence with the help of human rights, it serves to be an important term to prevent World War III because when World War I and World War II happened, there is still no cover data on human rights. Nowadays member states or nonmember states think of the consequences if they will violate human right laws. They know that even after the inc ident they will be persecuted by the international community by dint of economic sanction, persona non grata and other international recognized form of disconformity. some other good example is the International Labor Organization (ILO)11. Because of the creation of the International Law Organization member states are very keen in implementing rules regarding labor practices. International accredited systems regarding the way they treat local and contrasted laborers are always given importance.The major role of an employee, laborer or any manpower is always given top priority in any countries. The welfare, salary and other related activities or benefits of the lasting force are in compliance with accepted rules and systems.International Political System as I viewed it is almost the same with any other system. It was made and pursued by respectable men whose goal is to have an orderly, deferent and effective way of life. We may be different in language, carnal attributes, values , culture, religion, educational background and other things that makes a human different from an puppet but for sure we the majority of the people would like to live in an atmosphere of peace, unity and love.I would like to thank people who intimated these systems, for they had helped a lot the succeeding generations on what they have done. Not only the philosophical leaders but most especially the unwritten leaders of the past who may not have been mentioned in any document or book but for sure contributed a lot on who and where we are now. They may have made mistakes or imperfections but thats the veracity of life no one is perfect. Our life is a continuous rill and error with the guiding principle of being of help to his people and act to make this world a smash life and place to live with.BibliographyBuzan, B., Little , R. (2000). International Systems in World news report. New York Oxford University Press.DAnieri, P. (2014). International political science Power and Pu rpose in Global Affairs. canada Cenage learning.Guisepi, R. A. (1980 and 2003). The History of Ancient Sumeria. Retrieved phratry 1, 2014, from The History of Ancient Sumeria http//history-world.org/sumeria.htmKritzer, H. M. (2002). LEGAL SYSTEMS OF THE WORLD A POLITICAL, SOCIAL, AND CULTURAL ENCYCLOPEDIA. mantle Verde ABC-CLIO, Inc.Sumerian Gods. (n.d.). Retrieved September 1, 2014, from Sumerian Gods http//www.crystalinks.com/sumergods.html3 Pol 320120476921 Barry Buzan and Richard Little, International Systems in World History, (New York Oxford University Press, 2000), 1.2Barry Buzan and Richard Little, International Systems in World History, (New York Oxford University Press, 2000), 1.3 Sumerian Gods, Crystalinks.com, http//www.crystalinks.com/sumergods.html,4 The Peace of Westphalia.HistoryLearningSite.co.uk.2006. Web, http//www.historylearningsite.co.uk/peace_of_westphalia.htm.5 Robert A. Guisepi, The History of Ancient Sumeria (Sumer) including its cities, kings, religions culture and contributions or civilization, (University of California, 1980 and 2003), http//history-world.org/sumeria.htm.6Robert A. Guisepi, The History of Ancient Sumeria (Sumer) including its cities, kings, religions culture and contributions or civilization, (University of California, 1980 and 2003), http//history-world.org/sumeria.htm.7Walter Baucum, Sumerians who were they? The Sudden Civilization, http//www.uhcg.org/Lost-10-Tribes/walt1-Sumerians.html.8Robert A. Guisepi, The History of Ancient Sumeria (Sumer) including its cities, kings, religions culture and contributions or civilization, (University of California, 1980 and 2003), http//history-world.org/sumerian_language.htm.9 United Nations http//www.un.org/en/10 United Nations http//www.un.org/en/.11 United Nations http//www.un.org/en/.Lombroso and Beccaria Theories of CrimeLombroso and Beccaria Theories of CrimeCriminology is the consider of evil, from what causes crime to what could or does prevent it. The ideas which form the topic of criminology come from mention thinkers in the area who come up with theories and carry out research to try to find evidence to support their claims. These thinkers can be powerful in bringing about changes in areas such as the legal or prison systems. Two hugely influential thinkers in the area of criminology are Cesare Beccaria and Cesare Lombroso who have expressed views and formulated many theories which come under the category of criminology, from ideas on offenders to how they should be punished.Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794) belonged to the classical school of criminology which refers to the work carried out in the 18th century enlightenment period which would have followed utile and social contract philosophy. Beccaria was part of an aristocratic Milanese family in Lombardy and went on to complete a law degree at the University of Pavia in 1758. Although Beccaria was an Italian economist and not a criminologist as criminology as we know it today was not inv ented until the 19th century (Hayward, Maruna Mooney, 2010).Cesare Lombroso (1853-1909) came along after Beccaria and is often considered the father of criminology and ,unlike Beccaria he belonged to a different shell of criminological school, the rationalist school of criminology which uses more scientific approach to studying the social science, using methods from the natural science such as systematic observation, accumulation of evidence, nonsubjective facts and deductive framework. Lombroso trained as a physician in northerly Italy and severed 4 years in the Army where he started his observations of separates, he later went on to become the director of different asylums in regions of blue Italy where he went on to further observe souls becoming specifically anatomyle in what he referred to as primitive peoples (Hayward, Maruna Mooney, 2010).In the 18th cytosine Beccaria was the first to offer an explanation for crime and barbarous behaviour. Strongly influenced by t he philosopher Thomas Hobbes, Beccaria believed that we are hedonistic beings that look out for our own self-interest, by calculating the pleasure or painful sensation that will result from an action to decide whether to do it or not (Hayward, Maruna Mooney, 2010), which could lead an man-to-man to institutionalise crime if they believe that the resulting pleasure will outweigh any pain that may arise from the action. Due to this Beccaria in any case suggested that offend is a selection made out of free will from rational soulfulnesss just like those who choose not to take part in sinful behaviour.However, Lombroso offers a different opinion on offenders. Lombroso was strongly influenced by Charles Darwin and his possibility of ontogenesis and believed that offenders were throwbacks to earlier forms of humans. Lombroso believed that those who commit crime were atavistic, a term he genuine for those who were not fully evolved and more primitive than non-offenders (Hayward, Maruna Mooney, 2010). It was the atavistic nature of the individual which Lombroso believed was the reason the individual became a criminal. Lombroso even believed that if these these individuals were throwbacks of from previous stages of evolution then they should have differing sensual and physiological characteristics from normal individuals which he referred to as a stigmata, Lombroso suggested that characteristics such as supernumerary fingers or toes, larger jaws or ears, an insensitiveness to pain, etc were indicative of an atavistic individual (Mazzarello, 2011). Lombroso examined and documented many criminals and suggested that he found these characteristics in each of them including Giuseppe Villella, an Italian criminal said to be confusable to the notorious English serial killer Jack the Ripper, who Lombroso performed an autopsy on and upon examination of his skull and brain found similarities between it and that of less evolved primates, which for him supported his supposition that criminality is the result of being less evolved than the normal individual (Lombroso, 1872-1944.). gum olibanum instead of criminal behaviour being the result of free will like Beccaria proposed, Lombroso believed that criminal behaviour has a deterministic element. While this theory was met with some scepticism in Europe, Lombroso was hugely influential in America, but this in like manner had a negative side to it as suggesting that criminals can be identified by physical characteristics could lead to certain individual with such characteristics to be singled out even if they have not committed a criminal offence or been found guilty of a crime.Lombroso went on to develop his ideas and proposed that there are different sheaths of criminals. Some examples of the types of criminal Lombroso suggested there are, are the born criminal, the insane criminal, criminaloids and criminals of passion. Firstly, born criminals, a term which was in truth first used by a stude nt of Lombrosos Enrico Ferri, this type of criminal only makes up about a third of the criminal population but often commit the more serious crimes (Lombroso, 1872-1944.) and as outlined above is categorised presented with characteristics indicating an atavistic nature but Lombroso also believed that this type of criminal presented with epilepsy and was not morally intelligent. Secondly, the insane criminal, Lombroso suggested that this type of criminal was not a criminal since birth like the previous type but had become a criminal due to some gentle of physiological change which affects their morality making them unable to discriminate between right and wrong (Lombroso, 1872-1944., p 75). Examples of criminals in this category include those who are kleptomaniacs, nymphomaniacs, habitual drunks and child abusers. Another type of criminal outlined by Lombroso are criminaloids which have few of the atavistic characteristics or stigmata even though they are a form of born criminal the y are not as threatening as those who fall into the category of the born criminal. However, they do present with different stigmata that born criminals do not such as early baldness or greyness. Although the real difference between born criminals and criminaloids is there differing mental traits. The main difference being that the criminaloid individual starts offending later on in life and will always have a reason behind the offence (Lombroso, 1872-1944). The last example, criminals of passion, categorises those who commit crimes because they are urged to violate laws by a pure spirit of altruism (Lombroso, 1872-1944., p118) they are not at all like the other types of criminals as they only commit crimes out of the best intention and are characteristically good. The physical characteristics of the criminals of passion are often attractive and gentle while their psychological traits are that of an excessively good, holy individual (Lombroso, 1872-1944).Another negative with the wo rk of Lombroso is that he may have detected potential Hydes in lofty Jekylls (Saturday reexamine of Politics,Literature, Science and Art, 1909) by over emphasising finding certain characteristics in individuals and generating the hypothesis that everyone with such a characteristic will be or is a criminal.Beccaria differing belief, that an individual chooses to commit crime, lead him to believe that for society to be sustainable such a choice should be met with a penalisation and so in 1866 Beccaria published an essay entitled on crimes and penalizations. within this essay he expressed his ideas on criminal behaviour and what should happen to those found to have broken the law. Briefly put Beccaria believed that punishment of crime should be infallible, consistent, relative and swift if it is to deter an individual from committing crime. By inevitable Beccaria means that if an individual is found to have committed a crime there should be no question as to whether they should or will receive a punishment as Beccaria believed that the certainty of a punishment had a deterrent effect regardless of the severity of the punishment (Newburn, 2009.). By consistent he means that everybody regardless of class, ethnicity or gender should be given the same punishment for the same crime, so that certain individuals dont believe that they cancount upon arbitrary leniency from judges (Hayward, Maruna Mooney, 2010, p. 5). By proportionate Beccaria believed that the punishment should fit the crime, this means that punishment should not be too excessive just for the sake of revenge as the severity of the punishment should only be sufficient to as a deterrent (Tierney, 2009., p.46). In order to be a deterrent of criminal behaviour Beccaria also believed that punishment should be swift, this means that the punishment should be delivered quickly and not be delayed.Beccaria also expressed his ideas on judicial torture and the use of the death penalisation as a punishment f or criminal behaviour. Beccaria believed that both were wrong as they went against natural rights theory. In regards to torture, he believed that it is wrong because if the individual who is being tortured is physically or mentally weaker they are more likely to confess to something they didnt do and may implicate another individual who is also innocent. This lead Beccaria to proposition that if torture is the way of find an individuals guilt or innocence then a mathematician would be better at deciding this than a judge due to them being able to predict or theories the amount of torture a certain individual may be able to cope with before confessing (Hostettler, 2011.). In regards to the death penalty, Beccaria was the first person of that time to publicly criticise the killing of an individual as a means of punishment for a crime. He believed that the state had no right to take anothers life because while Beccaria believed in social contract theory (that we give up certain freedo ms to an authority in return for some kind of protection) he believed that no person would lot over the right to live for the protection offered. Beccaria also believed that the death penalty was not a sufficient deterrent to stop other people from committing crime, which for him was the primary role of a punishment leading him to the opinion that the punishment of death for a crime is not only immoral, it is useless (Hostettler, 2011., p. 55). However, although Beccaria held this belief he did allow for an exception to be made due to one of two reasons, either the individual still poses a risk to the outside world while imprisoned, or when the death penalty is seen as the only means by which to deter others from committing such a crime (Beccaria, 1764.).Lombroso also held a differing view on punishment and the death penalty to that of Beccarias. Lombroso believed that when an atavistic individual commits a crime society has the right to defend itself from this kind of delinquent ( Mazzarello, 2001., p. 983) this includes a belief in the death penalty which Beccaria was strongly against,even though Lombroso believed that criminality was not a choice but goaded as individuals were born criminals due to the argument that man defends himself from wild animals without blaming them for not having been born lambs (Mazzarello,2001., p.983). However, Lombroso and his theory of the insane criminal was influential in changing how those deemed insane were dealt with in the Italian justice system as measures were genuine for the mentally incompetent dangerous offender (Ramsland, 2009).Although Beccaria and Lombroso have many differing views and theories in the study of criminology and belonged to different schools, they were and still are strongly influential in reforming the justice and penal system. For example Beccaria s ideas from On Crimes and penaltys have been incarnate into the United States constitution (Hayward, Maruna Mooney, 2010., p. 7) and Lombrosos ide a that we have free will to choose whether to take part in criminal behaviour can still be seen in more recent free will versus determinism debates (Hayward, Maruna Mooney, 2010).ReferencesBeccaria, C., (1995) 1764, On Crimes and Punishment and Other Writings, Edited by Bellamy, R., Cambridge, Cambridge University PressHayward, K., Maruna, S., Mooney, J., (2010). litre Key Thinkers in Criminology. United acres Routledge.Hostettler, J., (2011). Cesare Beccaria The Genius of On Crimes and Punishment. United Kingdom Waterside Press.Lombroso, G., (1872-1944). Criminal Man According to the Classification of Cesare Lombroso, New York and London, G. P. PutnamMazzarello, P. (2001). Lombroso and tolstoy. Nature, 409(6823), 983. Retrieved fromhttp//dx.doi.org/10.1038/35059175Mazzarello, P., (2011). Cesare BeccariaAn anthropologist between evolution and degeneration. Functional Neurology, 26(2), 97-101. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/947561454?accountid=17074Newburn, T., (2 009). Key Readings in Criminology. United Kingdom Willan PublishingRamsland, Katherine,PhD., C.M.I.-V. (2009). THE MEASURE OF A MAN CESARE LOMBROSO AND THE CRIMINAL TYPE. Forensic Examiner, 18(4), 70-72. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/347552105?accountid=17074The Labours of Lombroso. (1909). Saturday Review of Politics, Literature, Science and Art, 108 (2817), 495-496. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/876885570?accountid=17074Tierney, J., (2009). Key Perspectives in Criminology. United Kingdom Open University Press.

Why Should You Recycle English Language Essay

Why Should You reuse English Language EssayA genuinely good forenoon to Mr. Mariapan and fellow fri expirys. Before I start my speech, I would like to intercommunicate all of you a question Do you hear that our commence public is crying? Perhaps you would say no, scarce please take a look at these pictures. She is crying because the var. has been polluted by industrial smoke she is crying because of ball-shaped warming she is crying because of contaminated peeing she is crying because you argon unconcerned about her pain. Well, we net come by dint of this world, but it is not like a superhero using some extraordinary might to heal this world. That is unacceptable. In fact, your mission is very simple and easy and everyone drive out do it Do you want to save this world? Then, lets impersonate cycle.What is cycle? It is defined processing used bodilys and xerox into saucy products to prevent prodigality of potentially useful materials. Then, why It is so important ?Firstly, we face a large problem with sparkler build up on our footing and reuse saves place in landfills.-Solely focusing on Malaysia, we produce 19,000 tones of waste every day, and a majority of that ends up in landfills. 19,000 tones, cigaret you look that? 19,000 tones, if you piled it all up it would be as high as 36 Petronas Twin Towers. Malaysia currently has 230 landfill sites and 80% of them will reach capacity inside the next two course of studys. Soon, there is going to be a Brobdingnagian problem as landfills cause serious pollution. For example, from the picture, we notice that landfills are associated with air pollution, water pollution, land pollution as well as grand house effect.-Therefore, to manage the growing volume of solid waste it is required to turn to alternative methods such as recycling. If landfills fill up we start to find new space for new landfills. If that happens, you better pray that the new landfills wont build behind your houses jeop ardizeyard. So, lets get recycling.Secondly, recycling saves energy and intrinsic resources.-Most of the things in a trash bag can be acquire through recycling. For instances, paper, metal, plastics and glass. By using materials more than once, we conserve natural resources ensuring our childrens futures.-Next, I have some interesting facts here to share with all of you(1) 1 ton of recycled paper saves 17 trees about 35 feet tall. Recycling 1 stack of newspapers 6 feet tall saves the life of one 35 feet tree.(2) 1 recycled tin can would save affluent energy to power a television for 3 hours.(3) 1 recycled plastic bottle would save enough energy to power a 60-watt light bulb for 3 hours.-Obviously, recycling saves natural resources by reducing the need for raw energy and save energy as it often takes less energy to make products from recycled material than raw material. Therefore, lets get recycling.Thirdly, recycling can save money and give rise job opportunities.-Our former pri me minister, Datuk Seri Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, said this in an environmental conference. He said Currently, our country needs to spend RM 400 mil except to manage these waste and Just by recycling as oft as 22% of the 5 million tones of waste produced each year could save the government RM 88 mill a year.-Besides that, recycling can make money as well. As we know, humans are egoistical by nature most of the people might pay no heed to the importance I mentioned earlier and when you ask them to contribute a little effort on recycling, they might just simply purpose you It is none of my business. Yet, when I link money with recycling, it definitely can conflagrate interest among public.-Well, you can make money by turning your trash into extra cash. For example, you can sell your trash in many recycling centers. You can trade in your paper, aluminum and other object that is open(a) of being recycled for cash. Even though the pay off is small, but money is still money and it is s o shiny that makes everyone loves it.-Next, recycling creates jobs and you cant cross it. Recycling creates up to 5 times more jobs than waste garbage disposal alone. It will create jobs for engineers, machine specialists, environmental personnel, general motioners and many more. In North Carolina, on 2004, recycling employs approximately 14 000 people crosswise the state and this has increased 60% in ten years. Also, the number of companies listed in the states recycling markets directory has increased 74% in 10 years. As we know, todays global economic crisis means that it is so hard to find a job. Who knows in the future one of our friends or even I might work in recycling field to earn a livelihood. Indeed, recycling can save money and creates m ore job opportunities. So, lets get recycling.Well, I had lecture a lot of importance of recycling and now Im going to read you what you can do to save this environment. Your recycling mission is not impossible In fact, it is very s impleRecycling at home-Make space next to your bin for a recycling container. Then, it is as simple to recycle as it is to throw it away. For families that cannot afford a recycling container, dont worry, just categorisation the wastes properly. Waste sorting is the process by which waste is separated into unalike elements. For example, separate your waste into paper, metal and glass and then visit near recycling centre to turn your rubbish into cash.-Here is a list of things that you should eternally recycle. Surprisingly, we notice that almost everything can be recycled.Recycling at schooltime-As we know, paper is the main form of waste produced by schools. If possible, Set up a paper collection scheme for each classroom or request the school administrator to provide paper recycling bin. if you are enthusiastic enough, inform your friends about the advantages of recycling and try to persuade them to get involved in recycling.-Furthermore, you can organize some educational pro grams through posters, web page, e-mail and student orientation. Well, I know that not everyone is so enthusiastic yet I will glad and appreciate when I see you throw the rubbish into the recycle bins.Last but not least, be a green consumer. a green consumer is someone who is very concerned about the environment and, therefore, only leverages products that are environmentally-friendly or eco-friendly.-For example, you should purchase products that are recyclable, buy products that are made from recycled material and avoid buy hazardous materials which is hard to recycle.Now, I want you to ask yourself, why dont you recycle more often? Well, I had told you the benefits of recycling it is extremely easy to recycle. I think most of you dont want a landfill is built behind your houses back yard. Also, I hope you dont just sit by and watch our mother Earth turn into a ball of trash. Lastly, I want to end my speech with a quotation When we heal the earth, we heal ourselves. So, what are you delay for? Lets get recyclingWell, thats all from me. Thank you.

Social Policy Responses To Domestic Violence Social Work Essay

loving Policy Responses To house servant delirium Social Work EssayThis probe testament evaluate the on-line(prenominal) neighborly policy resolutions to the social issue of internal military force. home(prenominal) wildness is a multi- governanceted issue affecting the perpetrator, the subsister and their families. This substance that many agencies may acquire to be knobbed. internal delirium is prevalent at heart whole strata of ordering, rich pack and poor, with no regard for religion, culturality or geographical location, and lines for fifteen percent of hazardous crimes (Home dominance, 2009). It is estimated that interior(prenominal) effect cost the nation 23 billion per twelvemonth (Womens laster, 2007d). It is not only committed by men against women scarce by women on men and at bottom identical sex relationships. in time as the majority of incidents atomic lean 18 perpetrated by men against women with a great chance of repeat offending and worse severity of madness experienced this judge onlyow for c formerlyntrate on this aspect.To fully understand this issue this essay will explore the historical roots of house servant force out, looking at how attitudes may fall in originated, what challenges have ca utilize them to change and what further changes may be necessary. It will then explore changes in the legislation and how this affects the polices powers and their use of them. It will then go on to explore cruel judge responses, much(prenominal) as Specialist domestic helpated Violence motor inns and combine interior(prenominal) profane Programmes, evaluating their efficacy. It will then examine the social policy responses affecting the subsisters of national step, such(prenominal)(prenominal) as the creation of police domestic help Violence Units, chancel schemes, housing, halt serve wells, and child tribute. It will withal look at methods utilise to separate possible internal str ength victims. It will show that the current emphasis on criminal nicety responses is diverting resources away(p) from frontline womens serve, which domiciliate disproportionally affect women from murky and heathen nonage communities.Historically thither has been no concept of house servant effect. According to Carlson Brown (1994) this is because of the patriarchal society that existed, and to well-nigh extent still exists, which was sanctioned by religious texts. It was the precept was that women and children were the property of the man and it was his duty to discipline them as he see fit. This ideology was only challenged in recent decades by the rise of feminism. The coming of the contraceptive pill in the nightspotteen-sixties gave women the freedom of choice over their reproduction, and accordingly some separate atomic lean 18as of their lives. just, at first only physical shame was considered domesticated ferocity but in the nineteen-eighties sexual ab use began to be considered as domestic fierceness. In spite of this re- valuation marital rape was not considered a crime until 1991 in England and Wales (Rape Crisis, 2008). In recent times the definition of domestic violence has been widened to the current government definitionAny incident of menace behaviour, violence or abuse (psychological, physical, sexual, financial or emotional) between adults who ar or have been intimate partners or family members, regardless of gender or sexuality (Home Office, 2009).This definition in that respectfore covers less traditional family arrangements and practices from different cultures, such as honour-based violence, forced marriages and female genital mutilation. This means that domestic violence is not classified as a single offence but several different related offences, such as common despoil, rape, bogus im prison housement and attempted murder. however thither argon still some incidents, such as psychological and emotional abuse , which whilst exceedingly upsetting to the survivors are not prose repel satisfactory offences. This definition concentrates on adults and thus neglects those aged under eighteen, moreover a programme on tendersters in secure childrens homes revealed that girls as young as ten years old were experiencing physical abuse at the hands of their intimate partners (BBC receiving set 4, 20 April 2009). Therefore there exists in so far more of the cosmos whos contract for protection and withstand require addressing. adept of the main ways for government to address the issue of domestic violence is through legislation. The municipal Violence, Crime and Victims Act 2004 was introduced to tackle the issue of domestic violence in a multitude of ways. The acts intention was to give greater power to the police and courts when mounting with the perpetrators of domestic violence whilst providing increased protection to the survivors (Home Office, 2008a). one of the ways of increasing police powers was to make common assault an arrestable offence, this base allow the survivor a period of reflection to attention them decide whether they wish to continue with quest or not. This continues moves, started in the nineteen-eighties, away from the police approximateing to reconcile the parties involved towards zero tolerance of domestic violence. However this may champion to less incidents world inform as the survivor may not wish to criminalize her partner, especially if he is the father of her children. This is even more applicable within the grim and heathen minority communities who, due to tendings over racist discrimination, are less probable to look to the police for aid (Womens Aid, 2007a).A further change in police power was to make the assault of non-molestation orders an arrestable offence, which carries a prison fourth dimension of up to five years. The nature of non-molestation orders was withal changed to recognise the demand of same sex coupl es and non-cohabiting couples for the same protection afforded heterosexual cohabiting couples. It is hoped that these measures will reduce the number of breaches of these orders, and therefore afford greater protection to survivors, due to the greater sanctions nowadays attached. This change in like manner means that the survivor is a look in a criminal matter and no yearner responsible for fetching action over the prosecution nor burdened with the costs of that prosecution. However this enkindle mean that the Crown Prosecution Service may pursue cases that the survivor may wish dropped, which could lead to her being disempowered and timbering not in inhibit once again (Womens Aid, 2007a). as well as in making breach of non-molestation orders a criminal matter this moved them from closed family courts, where only the parties involved were in chambers, to criminal courts, which allows both press and public audience, although press restraint can be put in business office t o protect the individualism of witnesses in these cases (Womens Aid, 2007a).an some another(prenominal)(prenominal) government response was to produce Specialist Domestic Violence Courts (SDVCs). The SDVC programme started in 2006 with an initial cardinal SDVCs, more have been accredited each subsequent year to give the current center of one-hundred-and-five. According to the Home Office (2006) the SDVC programme forms part of a multi-agency response to domestic violence, which is intended to let greater uninjured for the survivors and call perpetrators to account through various means of intervention. Some of the measures used in SDVCs involve using specially trained judges, fast racking of domestic violence cases and access code to Independent Domestic Violence Advisors (IDVAs) to provide specialist wear (Womens Aid, 2008a). In a Home Office (2008b) review of the original twenty-three SDVCs it was found that there was a higher percentage of arrests made for domestic vio lence crimes and there was a higher percentage of favored prosecutions when compared with non-SDVCs within the same area. There were high levels of support provided by the IDVAs both within and outside the criminal justice ashes which increased survivor prophylacticty and satisfaction. These results are believed to improve public confidence in the criminal justice system. However where SDVCs were found to have a lower percentage of successful prosecutions it was found that there was a higher percentage of Black and ethnic minority defendants. This shows that there are still issues to be dealt with when dealing with cases from these communities. Womens Aid (2008a) also calls into interrogative sentence the government emphasis on using the criminal justice system to tackle domestic violence issues as this means that only those who pass over an incident, about twenty-four percent of survivors, have access to this specialized serve. This means that a large proportion of survivors are without support or accessing other domestic violence support services that are lacking political and financial support as a result.Another government initiative designed to reduce incidents of domestic violence is the Integrated Domestic Abuse Programme (IDAP). This is a programme for up to twenty-seven week for the perpetrators of domestic violence to address their offending behaviour. The perpetrator essential(prenominal) have a Community Rehabilitation Order (CRO) or a Community Punishment and Rehabilitation Order (CPRO) with conditions to attend. Its reckon is to challenge the perpetrators touch sensations and attitudes towards domestic violence thus reducing the risk of reoffending. It also offers the partners of the offenders a support group (Home Office, 2004). This programme requires a lot of staff time and readiness it also requires significant administration. All of which comes from the probation areas budget. Womens Aid (2007b) believes that these programmes can modify offender behaviour and provide support survivors with support. However these programmes are not ever successful in changing the perpetrators behaviour and can give survivors phantasmagoric expectations that may lead to unsound decisions around their own safety. They may also neglect supporting the survivor to concentrate on their role reportage on the perpetrators behaviour. in addition reports have shown that due to budget restraints there are long wait lists of up to two years for these programmes. This has lead to, in 2007, over four thousand orders by the court being pass down whilst only one thousand eight hundred being completed, with some cases of repeat offending whist waiting for a jell on a programme (Doward, 2008).A government study shows that there is a strong link between domestic violence and alcoholic beverage abuse with sixty-two percent of offences involving alcohol and forty-eight percent of the render group being alcohol dependant (Gilchrist et al, 2 003). Therefore another cuddle to tackling domestic violence is ordering perpetrators with alcohol problems to attend treatment programmes. However alcohol abuse is not a cause of domestic violence but it is often used as an excuse for violent behaviour. In fact, according to Womens Aid (2005a) treating the perpetrators alcohol or medicine issues can lead to an increase in violence especially during the insulation period. Therefore this must be tackled holistically addressing both the offending behaviour and the medicine and/or alcohol problem whilst ensuring the survivors safety and that of her children, if any. no all social policy responses deal with the perpetrators of domestic violence. Many focus on the survivors and their families. One of the main responses was to create dedicated Domestic Violence Units (DVUs) with specialist trained officers. The overriding aim of these units is to protect survivors and their families and ensure that domestic abuse is treated just as se riously as any other violent crime. These units specifically try to tackle the unwillingness of survivors to report incidents of domestic violence due to the belief that the police will not take them seriously or will be unable to help (Womens Aid, 2008b). This is particularly the case with women from the Black and ethnic minority community who can face stigmatism from their communities and may also fear institutional racism from the police. Those survivors with equivocal immigration status may also fear deportation should they leave their partner and report domestic violence (Womens Aid, 2009c). To assist survivors DVUs can uphold them onto other support services, which can indicate them about their rights, and liaise with the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) over the prosecution of domestic violence.To help protect survivors from repeat victimisation DVUs can refer them to the Sanctuary Scheme which allows the survivor to stay within their own home, and neutralise upheavals and further distress, as long as the perpetrator is no longer living with them. It does this by providing extra security measures such as chancel rooms where the survivor can remain safe from the perpetrator whilst waiting for the police to arrive. However not all home are sufficient for this scheme due to their construction or location and not all survivors would wish to remain in their own home (Communities and Local Government, 2006). In these cases DVUs can refer the survivor to a refuge or the local anesthetic countenances homelessness unit.Domestic violence is one of the main causes of homelessness in women (Rights of Women, 2007) and is particularly debatable as there may be several issues complicating the matter. Womens refuges provide safe try-on whether or not the woman has account domestic violence to the police. However accessing a refuge is particularly difficult as there is special(a) provision with only 373 womens refuges in the whole country (Coy et al, 2009). A lso not all refuges can accommodate large families, some spotlight restrictions on the upper ages of male children, necessitating the splitting up of already disoblige families. Some refuges are unable to accommodate those with physical disabilities or those with rational health and/or substance abuse issues. There are some refuges that specialise in meeting the needs of the Black and ethnic minority groups but demand far outstrips supply (Hall and Whyte, 2003). When a suitable place in a refuge is not available the local authority may have a duty to re-house survivors of domestic violence. There are certain criteria that must be met for the local authority to re-house survivors that they have not made themselves intentionally homeless they are in antecedence need they are eligible and they have a local connection. However it is up to the local authority to assess whether the survivor is in priority need. In some areas this means that those without children are not considered to be in priority need thus discriminating against those who for whatever reason do not have children. A further complication is that many survivors are financially dependent upon their abuser, although there help for some is available through the benefits system not all are aware of this, especially those whose main speech communication is not English (Dhillon-Kashyap, 1994) and may have been kept unaware of this by their abuser as a means of control. Those subject to immigration control with no recourse to public funds would not be able to pay for a refuge place or other accommodation through housing benefit, as many do, but there other forms of sustenance sometimes available for refuges, but this is limited due to financing restraints (Womens Aid, 2007c).DVUs can also refer survivors to Womens Aid, which is a charity that provides specialist support and advice. However they do not limit themselves to those who have inform domestic violence, any woman execrable from domestic vi olence can access them. Womens Aid can help survivors access other forms of help such as helping children affect by living with domestic violence or experiencing abuse themselves, housing, benefits, mental health services and substance abuse treatment. Due to funding constraints there are waiting lists for this vital support. One of the most important aspects of Womens Aids work is their direction service, as once a survivor has left their abuser one of the main indicators that they may return is whether they attribute of the responsibility for the abuse to themselves or the abuser (Worth and Tiggemann, 1996). The counselling offered examines this. Another indicator of return is the attitude of their family towards their actions (Worth and Tiggemann, 1996), this is particularly pertinent for women from Black and ethnic minority communities who may face censure from their family and community. Womens Aid also supports those who wish to remain living with their violent partners, help ing them to do so in the safest way possible. Womens Aid also works with other agencies representing its service users needs and experiences.Children who live in a home where domestic violence is victorious place can be very badly affected and may experience behavioural problems (McFarlane et al, 2003). Although a child may not witness domestic violence they may be aware of it taking place they may hear it or witness the resulting injuries. If they do witness domestic violence they may get injured trying to intervene. look into has shown that between thirty and sixty-six percent of children that live in a home where domestic violence is taking place also face abuse themselves (Womens Aid, 2009b). In all of these cases it is more than belike that the child will need counselling to deal with the trauma experienced. Despite all this an abusive parent can still apply through the courts to have bear on with their child. It is commonly felt that it is in the best interests of the chi ld to have tie-in with both parents. When there is the risk of abduction of further abuse of the child an evaluation by an officer from the Children and Family Courts Advisory and Support Service (CAFCASS) can be made to ascertain whether contact is advisable and is so what nature it should take. partake may happen in a contact centre. However these centres are usually staffed by volunteers and may not be able to provide the continuous supervision necessary (Womens Aid, 2009d). If the mother does not comply with the contact order because of fears for the childs or her own safety she will be in contempt of court and can face sanctions such as fines, withdrawal of legal aid, transfer of residence and even imprisonment.Womans Aid may also need to refer their service users to drug and alcohol services because women suffering domestic violence are fifteen times more likely to misuse alcohol and those who report domestic abuse are nine times more likely to misuse drugs than women in t he general population (Womens Aid, 2009a). This may be because they use drugs and alcohol as a manage mechanism or their abuser has used drugs and alcohol as a means of control (Finney, 2004). Whatever the reasons this further complicates matters for the survivor. As mentioned earlier this can make it more difficult for a survivor to get a place in a refuge. Also it can be a hindrance in reporting domestic violence, as the survivor may fear being stigmatised as an alcoholic or a drug addict (Womens Aid, 2009a). If the survivor wishes to tackle their substance issues this can be difficult as funding for treatment is restricted and many treatment services are male-orientated and may have mixed groups where she may not feel able to discuss those issues affecting her (Womens Aid, 2009a).Another governmental response is attempting to identify potential survivors of domestic violence. As thirty percent of domestic violence starts during pregnancy and domestic violence is the prime cause of miscarriage or stillbirth, and maternal death during childbirth (Womans Aid, 2005b) the government has set up an prenatal screening policy to identify those at risk. This involves providing specialised training for midwives and other healthcare providers to help them encourage pregnant women experiencing domestic violence to collapse this, but it must be done in a safe way and this can be difficult with the, usually, controlling nature of the perpetrator. However it has been found that not all healthcare providers routinely question all patients as they believed that they were able to identify those who were experiencing domestic abuse and would only question those who they felt may be experiencing domestic violence (Jeanjot et al, 2008). Also midwives reported concerns about accessing support for themselves and colleagues as almost nineteen percent had reported experiencing domestic violence themselves (Barnet, 2005).The Corston topic found that a disproportionate number of f emale prisoners, when compared to the general population, had suffered domestic violence (Corston, 2007). This may be for a variety of reasons their abuser forced them to commit crimes they committed crimes to go to prison and escape the abuse they faced or they committed the crimes to support their drug and/or alcohol addiction. Whatever the reasons the Corston Report recommended that there should be mandatory provision of support for women who had been raped, abused or experienced domestic abuse in every regional resettlement plan (Corston, 2007). The government has trustworthy this recommendation and it is part of the Strategic Plan for Reducing Re-Offending, which was launched in springiness 2008, and it is hoped that it will help prevent chronic social exclusion (Ministry of umpire, 2007). However it has not been implemented as yet.It has been shown that domestic violence is a highly complex issue where both the perpetrators and survivors tend to have multiple needs that mu st be addressed. Legislation has tried to meet the needs of pot with different life-style choices. It has also been shown that the creation of Specialist Domestic Violence Courts has had some success in improving conviction rates and survivor satisfaction, but still needs to address conviction rates amongst Black and ethnic minority defendants. The Integrated Domestic Abuse Programmes have had limited success, due to budgetary restraints causing long delays in perpetrators being fit(p) on a programme and their offending behaviour is difficult to change. Also any other issues the perpetrator may have need to be addressed at the same time. It has been demonstrated that the emphasis on a criminal justice response neglects the majority of cases that are not reported to the police. This can disproportionately affect women from the Black and ethnic minority communities, and those with insecure immigration status as they are less likely to report incidents of domestic violence for variou s reasons. The emphasis on the criminal justice approach to tackling domestic violence also means that a disproportionate amount of funding is directed away from other important measures, such as refuges and other support services, that could be of more help to the huge majority who decide not to report incidents of domestic violence or do not want to engage with the criminal justice system. This funding could also be used for increased staffing at contact centres to help ensure the safety of children and their mothers, whilst still allowing them to interact with their fathers. Or it could be used for female orientated substance misuse treatment. Extra funding, which could come from other sources such as that allocated for the use of CCTV, could also identify and help other survivors through antenatal screening or within the female prison population.Word Count 3649REFERENCESBarnet, C. (2005) Exploring Midwives attitudes to domestic violence screening. British Journal of Midwifery. Vol.13, No.11, 702-705BBC Radio 4, (20 April 2009) Inside the Child Prisons.Carlson Brown, J. (1994) Because of the angels sexual violence and abuse. In Schssler Fiorenza, S. and Copeland, M.S. (eds) (1994) Violence Against Women, capital of the United Kingdom SCM Press.Communities and Local Government (2006) Options for Setting Up a Sanctuary Scheme. Online available from http//www.communities.gov.uk/documents/housing/pdf/154295.pdf. Accessed howling(a) 2nd 2009.Corston, J. (2007) The Corston Report A Review of Women with circumstance Vulnerabilities in the Criminal rightness System. capital of the United Kingdom Home OfficeCoy, M., Kelly, L. and Foord, J. (2009) procedure of Gaps 2 the Postcode Lottery of Violence Against Women Support Services. capital of the United Kingdom fire Violence Against Women.Dhillon-Kashyap, P. (1994) Black women and housing. In Gilroy, R. and Woods, R. (eds) (1994) Housing Women, London Routledge.Doward, J. (2008) Pledge to cut domestic violence has failed The Guardian 17th February. Online addressable from http//www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2008/feb/17/ukcrime.justice. Accessed horrible 10th 2009.Finney, A. (2004) inebriant and Intimate Partner Violence Key Findings from the Research. London Home OfficeGilchrist, E., Johnson, R., Takriti, R., Weston, S., Beech, A. and Kebbell, M. (2003) Domestic Violence Offenders Characteristics and Offending Related Needs. London Home Office.Hall, T. and Whyte, D. (2003) At the margins of provision domestic violence, policing and community safety. Policy administration Vol. 31, No.1, p3-18.Home Office (2009) Crime decrement Domestic Violence Mini-Site. Online operable from http//www.crimereduction.homeoffice.gov.uk/dv/dv01.htm. Accessed sublime tertiary 2009.Home Office (2008a) Crime Reduction Domestic Violence National Plan for Domestic Violence. Online easy from http//www.crimereduction.homeoffice.gov.uk/domesticviolence/domesticviolence51.htm. Accessed solemn 3rd 2009.Home Offic e (2008b) Specialist Domestic Violence Courts Review 2007-8 Justice with Safety. Online Available from http//www.crimereduction.homeoffice.gov.uk/dv/dv018a.pdf. Accessed August 2nd 2009Home Office (2007) Crime Reduction Legislation The Domestic Violence Crime and Victims Act 2004. Online Available from http//www.crimereduction.homeoffice.gov.uk/dv/dv016.htm. Accessed August 3rd 2009Home Office (2006) Specialist Domestic Violence Court Programme Resource Manual. Online Available from http//www.crimereduction.homeoffice.gov.uk/domesticviolence/domesticviolence59.pdf. Accessed August 1st 2009.Home Office (2004) Crime Reduction Domestic Violence. Online Available from http//www.crimereduction.homeoffice.gov.uk/domesticviolence/domesticviolence43.htm. Accessed August 10th 2009.Jeanjot, I., Barlow, P. and Rozenberg, S. (2008) Domestic violence during pregnancy survey of patients and healthcare providers. Journal of Womens Health Vol. 17, No. 4, 557-567.McFarlane, J.M., Groff, J.Y., OBr ian, J.A. and Watson, K. (2003) Behaviours of children who are exposed and not exposed to intimate partner violence an analysis of 330 Black, White and Hispanic children. Paediatrics, Vol. 112, No. 3, 202-207.Ministry of Justice (2007) The Governments Response to the Report by Baroness Corston of a Review of Women with Particular Vulnerabilities in the Criminal Justice System. Online Available from http//www.justice.gov.uk/publications/docs/corston-review.pdf. Accessed August 11th 2009.Rape Crisis (2008) Rape in marriage ceremony / Rape by Partner. Online Available from http//www.rapecrisis.org.uk/rape/maritalrape.html. Accessed August 7th 2009.Rights of Women (2007) Domestic Violence, Housing and Homelessness. Online Available from http//www.rightsofwomen.org.uk/pdfs/dv_housing_homelessness.pdf. Accessed August 1st 2009Womens Aid (2009a) The Survivors handbook Alcohol and Drugs. Online Available from http//www.womensaid.org.uk/domestic-violence-survivors-handbook.asp?section=000 100010008000100360003. Accessed August 14th 2009.Womens Aid (2009b) The Survivors Handbook Children and Domestic Violence. Online Available from http//www.womensaid.org.uk/domestic-violence-survivors-handbook.asp?section=000100010008000100380001sectionTitle=Children+and+domestic+violence. Accessed August 13th 2009Womens Aid (2009c) The Survivors Handbook Immigration. Online Available from http//www.womensaid.org.uk/domestic-violence-survivors-handbook.asp?section=000100010008000100350002. Accessed August 13th 2009.Womens Aid (2009d) The Survivors Handbook qualification Arrangement for Children After Separation. Online Available from http//www.womensaid.org.uk/domestic-violence-survivors-handbook.asp?section=000100010008000100380002sectionTitle=Making+arrangements+for+children+after+separation. Accessed August 13th 2009Womens Aid (2008a) Action Plan for Tackling Domestic Violence 2008-11. Online Available from http//www.womensaid.org.uk/domestic-violence-articles.asp?section=0001 0001002200430001itemid=1548. Accessed August eighth 2009.Womens Aid (2008b) Police Responses to Domestic violence Full Article. Online Available from http//www.womensaid.org.uk/domestic-violence-articles.asp?section=00010001002200400001itemid=1402. Accessed August 7th 2009.Womens Aid (2007a) Domestic Violence Crimes and Victims Act 2004 Two New Sections Implemented. Online Available from http//www.womensaid.org.uk/domestic-violence-articles.asp?section=00010001002200070001itemid=1039itemTitle=Domestic+Violence+Crime+and+Victims+Act+2004%3A+two+new+sections+implemented. Accessed August eighth 2009.Womans Aid (2007b) Womens Aid Briefing Perpetrator Work in the UK. Online Available from http//www.womensaid.org.uk/domestic-violence-articles.asp?section=00010001002200180001itemid=1080. Accessed August 9th 2009.Womens Aid (2007c) Support for Survivors Refuges. Online Available from http//womensaid.org.uk/domestic-violence-articles.asp?section=00010001002200210002itemid=1301. Accessed Au gust 11th 2009.Womens Aid (2007d) What is Domestic Violence? Online Available from http//www.womensaid.org.uk/domestic-violence-articles.asp?section=00010001002200410001itemid=1272itemTitle=What+is+domestic+violence. Accessed July 28th 2009.Womens Aid (2005a) Womens Aid Guidance for people in drug and alcohol sectors working with women experiencing domestic abuse. Online Available from http//womensaid.org.uk/domestic-violence-articles.asp?itemid=956itemTitle=Women%27s+Aid+Guidance+for+people+in+drug+and+alcohol+sectors+working+with+women+experiencing+domestic+abusesection=00010001002200280001sectionTitle=Articles%3A+drugs+and+alcohol. Accessed August twelfth 2009.Womens Aid (2005b) Statistics Pregnancy and Domestic Violence. Online Available from http//www.womensaid.org.uk/domestic-violence-articles.asp?section=00010001002200010001itemid=822. Accessed August 8th 2009.Worth, N. and Tiggermann, M. (1996) Predictors of womens return to violent partners. Australian Journal of Social Is sues, Vol. 13, No. 4, p376-391.

Pat Barkers Regeneration Essay -- Pat Barker, Regeneration Essays

In pat Barkers novel Regeneration, there is myopic distrust that the cult of Oscar Wilde had taken hold already in the depression decades of the 20th century. In Oscar Wildes put up Stand, Philip Ho ber informs us that by associating with Robert Ross, Wilfred Owen was allying himself with the cult of Oscar Wilde hero, learn and martyrise to an entire culture (Hoarer 15). In some manner, the unraveling of this state custodyt is what makes the references to Wilde so historic in Barkers novel. Barker makes three references to Oscar Wilde on pages 54, 124, and 143. Each of the references to Wilde is in the consideration of friendships involving homosexual males. In Barkers Regeneration, Oscar Wilde is referenced to emphasize the theme that homosexuals are exclusively capable having friendships with other males and not just romantic relationships.The interest life history of Oscar Fingal OFlahertie Wills Wilde began on October 16, 1854, in Dublin, Ireland. By the end of his co llege education, Wilde had become virtuoso of the approximately famous aesthetes it was this recognition which drew attention to his affected paradoxes and his witty sayings. This fame guide to his 1882 lecture tour of America. In 1885 Wilde began officiate as a check reviewer for the Pall Mall Gazette and a novice for the striking Reviewer. Two eld subsequent, he was appointed as the editor in chief of the Ladys terra firma Magazine. The year 1888 marked his first major published work The adroit Prince and Other Stories, which was a charming collection of childrens stories. Three years later Wilde made a name for him self by publishing quaternity books in 1891 A House of Pomegranates, Lord Arthur Saviles Crime, Intentions, and The Picture of Dorian colour in -- the latter earning him his greatest fame to date (Biograp... ...) The references to Oscar Wilde are ingeniously placed within the novel to give a historical framework to the novel. ditch Barker, in her use of historical characters intertwined with her creation of fictional characters, shows how homosexual and straight person men can relate in the background of war and in a society of changing social mores. Works CitedBarker, Pat. Regeneration. New York Plume, 2003. history of Oscar Wilde. 2000. A&E Television Networks. 10 April, 2004.<http//www.biography.com/search/article.jsp?Oscar+WildBorland, Maureen. Wildes Devoted Friend. Oxford Lennard Publishing, 1990.Hammond, Paul. lie with amidst Men in English Literature. New York St. Martins Press, 1996. Hibberd, Dominic. Wilfred Owen The Last Year. capital of the United Kingdom Constable, 1992.Hoare, Philip. Oscar Wildes Last Stand. New York Arcade Publishing, 1997. Pat Barkers Regeneration Essay -- Pat Barker, Regeneration EssaysIn Pat Barkers novel Regeneration, there is little doubt that the cult of Oscar Wilde had taken hold already in the first decades of the twentieth century. In Oscar Wildes Last Stand, Philip H oarer informs us that by associating with Robert Ross, Wilfred Owen was allying himself with the cult of Oscar Wilde hero, mentor and martyr to an entire culture (Hoarer 15). In some manner, the unraveling of this statement is what makes the references to Wilde so important in Barkers novel. Barker makes three references to Oscar Wilde on pages 54, 124, and 143. Each of the references to Wilde is in the context of friendships involving homosexual males. In Barkers Regeneration, Oscar Wilde is referenced to emphasize the theme that homosexuals are completely capable having friendships with other males and not just romantic relationships.The interesting life of Oscar Fingal OFlahertie Wills Wilde began on October 16, 1854, in Dublin, Ireland. By the end of his college education, Wilde had become one of the most famous aesthetes it was this recognition which drew attention to his affected paradoxes and his witty sayings. This fame led to his 1882 lecture tour of America. In 1885 Wilde began work as a book reviewer for the Pall Mall Gazette and a critic for the Dramatic Reviewer. Two years later, he was appointed as the editor of the Ladys World Magazine. The year 1888 marked his first major published work The Happy Prince and Other Stories, which was a charming collection of childrens stories. Three years later Wilde made a name for him self by publishing four books in 1891 A House of Pomegranates, Lord Arthur Saviles Crime, Intentions, and The Picture of Dorian Gray -- the latter earning him his greatest fame to date (Biograp... ...) The references to Oscar Wilde are ingeniously placed within the novel to give a historical framework to the novel. Pat Barker, in her use of historical characters intertwined with her creation of fictional characters, shows how homosexual and heterosexual men can relate in the background of war and in a society of changing social mores. Works CitedBarker, Pat. Regeneration. New York Plume, 2003.Biography of Oscar Wilde. 2000. A&E T elevision Networks. 10 April, 2004.<http//www.biography.com/search/article.jsp?Oscar+WildBorland, Maureen. Wildes Devoted Friend. Oxford Lennard Publishing, 1990.Hammond, Paul. Love between Men in English Literature. New York St. Martins Press, 1996. Hibberd, Dominic. Wilfred Owen The Last Year. London Constable, 1992.Hoare, Philip. Oscar Wildes Last Stand. New York Arcade Publishing, 1997.

No Online Privacy in America :: Essays Papers

No Online Privacy in America on with its many benefits, the march of technology makes an encompassing surveillance network be almost inevitable. We owe much of the privacy we have enjoyed in the gone to a combination of immature technology and insufficient manpower to admonisher us. plainly these protective inefficiencies atomic number 18 giving way to efficient technologies of entropy processing and digital surveillance that threaten to eliminate our privacy. Already we are bring in by our credit-card transactions, our passes through the fast-lanes at toll booths, our cell holler calls. Each year brings to a greater extent sensitive and widespread sensing devices, including cameras, microphones, and, potentially, biologic sensors, all of which are being connected through increasingly efficient networks to increasingly more powerful data processing and storage. Cameras are pro livenessrating, in toll plazas, on public streets, and in public parks. We welcome them as crime- fighters, even as they eliminate our ability to move through the manhood untracked. Face and voice recognition software may soon earmark image data from surveillance cameras to be cross-referenced to data based profiles of to each one person observed. To get a hint of the future, enter your street visit at globexplorer.com. You will see a satellite picture nigh good enough to show a car parked in your driveway, or in mine. Better resolution is coming soon. We are paltry toward a transparent society in which our actions and transactions are followed, our lives tracked and documented, by folks we neither know nor trust each of us a star in our own Truman Show. (online Privacy) By now, you have in all probability heard a lot of debate over the USA nationalist Act, the federal legislation passed to give investigators more tools for apprehending terrorists. Proponents of the law say we necessity it to protect ourselves. Opponents say it threatens our constitutional rights. Ne vertheless, whatever position you take on these issues, it is important to know how the new law will affect your life online.The Patriot Act is complex and powerful. It broadens the definition of terrorism and increases the penalties for terrorism. Some of the more sweeping changes involve electronic surveillance. The act permits federal investigators to use more-powerful tools to monitor phone calls, e-mail messages, and even Web surfing. We all hope that heart and soul agents will be better able to arrest terrorists and foil their plans. But the changes also mean we now have even less pledge of privacy on the Net.

Gender Roles in Romeo and Juliet, by William Shakespeare Essay

throughout Romeo and Juliet, by William Shakespeare, there is an overlaying presence of the typical roles that manpower and women were supposed to play. During Elizabethan times there was a major difference mingled with the delegacy men and women were supposed to act. Men typically were supposed to be male and powerful, and defend the honor. Women, on the other hand, were supposed to be subservient to their men in their lives and do as ever they wished. In Romeo and Juliet the typical sexual activity roles that men and women were supposed to play had an influence on the fate of their lives. The line of Act one opens with a brawl in the street between the servants of the Capulets and the Montagues. The origin of the fight introduces the important theme of masculine honor. Sampson, one of Capulets servants, shows this masculinity by saying, Draw, if you be men. (I.i.64). Later on in the play in Act II, scene i. the display of honor and masculinity comes up once again during the fight between Mercutio and Tybault. As Mercutio lay slain Romeo says to him, Courage, man. The hurt cannot be much. (III.i.96). Even as his friend is dying the two men move and act masculine because they did not want to show their fears. But on the other side of this masculinity is love. For Elizabethan society believed that a man who loved too much lost his masculinity. Romeo clearly subscribes to that belief when he states that his love for Juliet made him effeminate. During Elizabethan times wo...

Spread of Islam Essay -- Religion, Muhammad

Islam began in Mecca when the prophesier Muhammad began to spread the word of God (292). The Prophet sought to rebuke his people against worshipping false gods and all immortality, especially injustice to the poor, orphans, widows, and women altogether (293). The archetypical exchanges of the religion were Meccan townsfolk and farmers (292). While some prominent Meccans joined him, the gentry generally resisted his teachings (293-94). According to the Quran, paradise lies in gratitude to God as tumesce as in his guidance and forgiveness (293). Muhammad is accepted as the cultivation of many prophets elect to spread the word of God (293). Unfortunately, the Prophets teachings did not readily spread and succeed (293). Still, many peoples followed his wife, Khadija, and recognized him as a chosen reformer (293). After Muhammads remainder in 632, the lack of a successor or son led to a political scrape between the Meccan and Medinan peoples. This ended when Abu Bakr was selecte d as the successor to the Prophet (297). However, as in most previous cases, many Arab tribes renounced allegiance to the Prophet after his death (297). Nonetheless, the rule of Abu Bakr reestablished spectral conformity for much of Arabia and forced Arabs to recognize the credit and practice of Islam as opposed to a certain leader the Prophet Muhammad in this case (297)Following Bakr, Caliphs Umar and Uthman pushed Arab armies beyond the peninsula and conquered Byzantine and Sasanid territories, Egypt, and most of Iran by 643 (297). This success can be accounted to the leadership of the first caliphs and field generals as well as the weakness of the Byzantine and Iranians (297). By 651, Arab armies defeated the delay of the Sasanid rulers (297). The fourth caliphate ... ...sian oppression (298). Muslims were accepting of other religions and allowed Christian, Jewish, and Zoroastrian groups to live infra protection of Islamic rule provided they recognize Islamic political autho rity, redress a non Muslim head tax, and not interfere with Muslim religious practices (298). The head tax and other divisions on non-Muslims encouraged many to convert (298). Islamic culture was also highly adaptable and open to mingle of cultural traits, allowing it to spread in even hostile societies (346). Muslims could exchange ideas and goods with Muslims of radically different backgrounds and encounter them as brothers and sisters of the Umma (347).Thus, Islam primarily spread through the conquests of Arab armies and successfully spread due to its tenets, high adaptability, the weakening of Byzantine and Sasanid Empires, and its immense leadership.