How Language Shapes Thought

Shaped by quarrel What Comes First the Thought or the talking to Language, due to its unique(predicate) properties, is champion aspect that makes human beings unique in comparison to other animals and species. The concomitant that different terminologys can alter the way we perceive the world, and objects we view. From the perception of space, magazine and pull d consume nouns, speech communications changes the way we think. Countless studies show that linguistic processes effect even down to the most fundamental thought processes, which unconsciously mannequins our brain modify perception.Language is important to how we deal with hold with each other and how we view the world. Consequently, m any(prenominal) cognitive psychologists believe that spoken language may influence thought processes. Because of changing unpredictable of humans thinking in different cultures, it is ambitious to define effects of a particular language on a particular thought pattern. The questi on of language and thought has been debated constantly mistakable to the age-old question of what came first the chicken or the egg. Drawing on our experiences we must contemplate the original theory that language shapes thought.The hypothesis introduced by Benjamin Whorf, which is known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis or linguistic end has stood the test of time and is a beginning to any debate astir(predicate) language and thought. He believed that our thoughts are all limited by our language. A strong quote by Benjamin Whorf suggests that, We cut nature up, manoeuver it into concepts, and ascribe significances as we do, largely because we are parties to an agreement to organize it in this wayan agreement that holds throughout our speech community and is codified in the patterns of our language (Whorf 213-14).This allows me to believe language is basically the need for a minded(p) group of people to communicate with each other. Another question to adopt when thinking about la nguage is what came first, man or language? The coat of ones world can shape the size of their vocabulary. disposed that man preceded language, every culture shaped different languages according to their specific milieus and needs. Resulting in that language is a human heathen that as a nation one helps to make evolve.Not only does their own language shape the culture, but also the interaction with other cultures. Language is a ferocity that allows humans to create ties that bind into a community, providing them social, individual, or cultural identification. In James Baldwin text, If Black face Isnt a Language, Then prescribe Me What Is, he refers language to being an unparalleled power by stating, Language is also a political instrument, means and proof of power. It is the most graphic and crucial key to identity (242).Baldwin draws points of languages importance to the experience of the African slaves. Having no common language, the slaves were unable to communicate with one another. They evolved a language, which they used to articulate their familiar experience and shaped their own community. The African Americans evolved a dialect of English that enabled them to describe their reality and establish their own distinct cultural identity. It is controversial how the humans think by figures or by concepts.In general, it is clear that thinking happens via ideas and imagination, which are expressed by words, and organised in speech. Sciences claim that thinking and language are so related, that changes in languages can organize thoughts, ideas, imaginations and human actions. The word butch shows the difference between thought and the language spoken in both English and Spanish. The quiz Americanization Is Tough on Macho written by Rose Del Castillo Guibault examines the cultural differences behind one certain word.When referring to a Hispanic who is macho resembles that he is a responsible, hardworking man in charge. Even though the language and th e word is the same the thought is different in English. The American macho has a negative reference meaning to the word such as brute, uncouth, loud, abrasive, and a chauvinist (238). When language is used in the normal way, the verbalizer has a thought with certain content and chooses words such that on the basis of those words the listener will be able to have it off that the speaker has a thought with that content.This example reiterates that once words and phrases financial support particular notions and thinking have been melodic lineed, they have the effect of embedding those notions and thoughts firmly and thus becoming cultural norms. Accepting the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis in its strong form that language completely determines thought can be hard for any individual. Taking in the opposing views can show other avenues of the language and thought theory. Just as the chicken and egg question we as humans cannot know everything, or should know everything. Some things are lef t over(p) open for interpretation and personal views.So a more limited Whorfianism, that states that the ways in which we see the world may be influenced rather than completely determined by the kind of language we use, in particular our language can affect that we remember and what we find it easy to pay caution to (Chandler). As humans continue to grow on this earth our environment shape languages and languages shapes you as your instrument for thought. Work Cited Baldwin, James C. (1979). If Black English Isnt a Language, Then Tell Me, What is? The refreshful York Times, July 29, 1979 by the impudent York Times Company Chandler, David. The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis. The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis. N. p. , 18 Sept. 1995. Web. 20 Oct. 2012. . Guilbault, Rose Del Castillo. Americanization Is Tough on Macho About Language A Reader for Writers. 5th Ed. Eds. William H. Roberts and Gregoire Turgeon. New York Houghton Mifflin, 1998. 238-39. Whorf, B. L. (1940) Science and Linguistics, Tec hnology Review 42(6) 229-31, 247-8. Also in B. L. Whorf (1956) Language, Thought and globe (ed. J. B. Carroll). Cambridge, MA MIT Press

How to Write a Paragraph Essay

Writing a paragraph does non simply train throwing words into the pool, hoping that it would create something meaningful. One moldiness first create an draft in order to organize the scattered ideas before dedicating words into the paragraph. When constitution a paragraph, one must start off with a hook shot article of faith which can attract readers and encourage them to read more.That would be relevant to the introductory paragraph only. The succeeding paragraphs should contain a topic sentence rather than the hook sentence. After every topic sentence, the writer should accompaniment it with ideas that are related to the topic sentences idea. This actually composes the ashes of the paragraph.This part of the paragraph should be clear and concise. The writer must not use wordy sentences since it takes up a lot of space. Finally, one must conclude each paragraph by summarizing the ideas into one sentence and creating a transitional sentence which can relate the paragraph to t he next. For introductory paragraphs, the finish sentence should be the thesis statement of the whole paper. So when report a paragraph, the writer should always start with an outline to organize his or her scattered ideas. This is where every paragraph should begin.

Military Strategies of of the I.R.A. During the Anglo Irish War of Independence, 1919-21 Essay

At the outbreak of hostilities it was apparent that the I. R. A. could not try for to win a traditional stand up array involve custodyt against a modern, well equipped army with the financial backing of The British Empire. In arrange to engage the coronate tugs in a freedom fighter warfare, weapons and ammunition were required in puffy numbers. General Head accommodate (G. H. Q. ) authorized smuggling trading trading operations and had sent volunteers abroad to procure arms. G. H. Q. interchange arms to the individual units, many of which were hampered in their operational status delinquent to lack of funding to purchase weapons and ammunition.As the war progressed many purple Irish Constabulary (R. I. C. ) barracks and the Crowns Tax Offices were attacked and burned. GHQ issued a general raid order in September of 1920. The primary objective the Volunteers attacks on spaced R. I. C. barracks were to obtain arms and ammunition. Many of these barracks were poorly defend ed and usu exclusivelyy consisted of terraced ho employments. In order to disrupt the governance of rural areas, tax offices were targeted. These targets allowed collection of funds from the topical anaesthetic populace that were to be appropriated to the Crown.These t spellics were adopted by many units when word of the initial successes of these barracks and tax office attacks filtered out, throughout the country. The volunteers embarked on a trial of Intimidation of R. I. C men and their families, and members of the general public who supported the crown forces, many of which were shot. This tactic was extremely effective at reducing the morale of the R. I. C. Recruitment dropped and resignations increased in the organization The R. I. C. retreated to larger towns by and by it was decided to evacuate may rural barracks. This tactic light-emitting diode to large parts of rural Ireland becoming ungovernable.This allowed the Dail to implement their much heralded Courts System , collect taxes and implement civil control. Most units at the start of the war appeared to act free lancely without central command control. Attacks on Crown Forces were sporadic in nature and were badly planned. Inexperience of many of the men in these units take to many failed operations Many units operations amounted to sabotage by shaft trenches in roads, de-railing trains, cutting of communications lines, snipping at barracks and personnel. Even the near poorly equipped and in supple units could engage in many of these simulated military operation.The persuasiveness of military actions conducted varied widely accordingly to geographic location. Areas like federation Tipperary, East Limerick and phellem were particularly active, while areas such as Wexford, mayo and Waterford had low turnout and low activity. Cite. Meeting and Drilling after the days work was done, amounted to the extent of some(a) volunteers actions for the duration of the war rear The willingness of volunteers to risk their estimablety was also another factor which hindered operations in many units. Volunteers who possessed weapons especially rifles were usually picked to partake in operations over volunteers who did not.The men who possessed guns gained experience on active operations and were given higher status within units. In many areas this led to a cycle of a prefer group of men acquiring more and more experience on active service, while men who had no weapons remained inactive were not gaining any such experience. To alleviate this some units introduced rotational systems were guns and ammunition were stored in a central weapons dump. Access to weapons throw out could only be gotten after permission from the units Quarter Master was given. act of units depended largely on the membership and the professionalism of their dominating officers.Traditionally commanding officers were pick out and appointed by their members. Electoral decisions appeared to be based on the favorable standing of the officers, family traditions and whether the men liked them or not. Many units were hampered in their operations as officers would not authorize actions as they feared for their own safety or were incompetent in planning and action. To instil discipline and a experience of military professionalism G. H. Q. sent organizers out to instruct and train these officers and units that they commanded. Training camps were roundabout up to properly instruct officers and volunteers.The military discipline in these camps was purely enforced and the training was particularly gruelling. When men returned to their units, they were expected to instil resembling discipline within the rank and file. Discipline was to be rigorously introduced by commanding officers and military punishment meted out for infractions. Formal reporting structures were introduced and all commanders were expected to submit reports to the central authority of G. H. Q. on a repair basis. These r eports were analysed by G. H. Q. and orders were issued to individual units.This strategy led to a more centralised planning and tidings apparatus. in the long run G. H. Q. decided to set up divisions with several(prenominal) commanders, in attempt to coordinate the activities of the volunteers within bordering brigade areas. These attempts at introducing a modern military structure into the different units were mostly successful, although highly active units such as South Tipperary maintained a more independent existence until the end of the war. Initially the volunteers had a very high border to violence and did not want to be involved in operations that led to murder.This tolerance was eroded of the course of the war as reprisals by the crown forces, led to many noncombatant atrocities throughout the country. As the casualties keep down rose, public flavour turned against the British Government. This was galvanized by reports that started to appear in newspapers internatio nally and in London G. H. Q. published the details of many of these reprisals in their publication their political journal t-Oglach. The publications also included details of military tactics and so also functioned as a training manual for the volunteers. by and by the introduction of The Restoration of Order Act in magisterial 1920 the and the introduction of martial law in the South in 1921, attacks and reprisals against the civilian population increased. The arrival of the much hated quais military/police forces which after became known as the Black and Tans in March 1920 and the Axillaries the following July exacerbate the situation and led to increased militancy in the volunteer force and the general population. Support for the volunteers steadily grew and the general population assisted them with funds, safe houses and intelligence.As a result of police crackdowns and further arrests of suspected volunteers, the continue raids on civilian houses, many volunteers went on the run. By mid 1921 at that place were over 4,000 suspects interned. Many men who were on the run went on to phase the celebrated immobile columns. These columns consisted of 20 highly armed men, who would attack patrols by laying ambushes on roads, and then melting back into the countryside. Tom Barry was commanding officer of the 3rd (West) Cork Brigade, which was a particularly effective flying column. They were responsible for many successful attacks on military personnel.On twenty-eighth of Nov. 1920 they wiped out an Auxiliary regiment in Kilmicheal, Co. Cork killing virtually a whole platoon. In reprisals the Black and Tans burned the City of Cork on 11th of Dec. There were many other tactics use by the I. R. A. during the war, examples include targeting prominent members of the British Establishment and Intelligence for assignation, it is beyond the remit of this short essay to explore these in their entirety. The ultimate coating of these operations and tactics were to d isrupt and dismount the administration of British Rule.After Bloody Sunday the British Intelligence Network was effectively non-existent which the I. R. A. took ripe advantage of, by actively engaging Crown Forces in the pileus while sending out their own armed patrols in select parts of the city. As we can see at the start of the war the Volunteers were a highly disorganized and poorly equipped force. Through the use of guerrilla hit and run tactics, they made the most of their limitations to disrupt and demoralize the crown forces. After G. H. Q. exerted a central command and military structure the volunteers became a more ruthless and successful in active operations.Ultimately the British Establishment appeared to throw overestimated the numbers of active members and their access to weapons. If their intelligence apparatus had not been infiltrated and disrupted by the I. R. A. the Crowns military campaign may have been more effective, and they may have continued the war whic h would have pushed the I. R. A, to the limits of their abilities and resources. G. H. Q. played a pivotal role in forming public opinion through their domestic publication t-Oglach and releasing accounts of civilian casualties and atrocities to foreign correspondents, effectively winning the propaganda war.It is doubtful whether the isolated regional active units would have been as effective without the co-ordination and leadership of G. H. Q. The organization of operations and centralization of command by G. H. Q. , may have been the deciding factor in the War, although many units remained in a state of disarray and were badly equipped for the duration of the war. As a measure of the success and effectiveness of operations conducted, I. R. A. guerrilla tactics became a blue print for many revolutionary forces around the World.

Design of Single Mode TE Mode Optical Polarizers

Design of Single panache TE mode opthalmic Polarizer Using Silicon Oxynitide multilayed roll out expireAbstractionA Si oxynitride ( SiON ) manoeuverd ikon is used as multi storeyed gesture snuff it and utilizing transportation ground substance regularity.We propose the application of rove guide as a TE-Pass polarizer and TM-Pass polarizer attribute a passband in the third optic communicating windowpane of 1550 nanometer. Polarizer is cardinal constituent for devices which direct a individual polarisation for their operation. nearly of the polarizers use metal clad sway guides with proper thickness and deflective exponent of check and substratum.Index c whole ocular Polarizer, Multi- storeyed swing guide, TE manner, Silicon oxynitrideIntroductionOptical revolve guide An optic fly full(prenominal) guide is a physical construction that guides electromagnetic contemptible ridges in the optical spectrum. Common types of optical revolve guides include optical fib er and rectangular waver guides.To manufacture a planing machine wave guide ( Fig.1 ) , normally a scene ( refractive index) , with a screen bed ( deflective index) , is grown on a substrate ( refractile index) such thatSuch wave guides atomic number 18 known as asymmetric wave guides. For symmetric wave guide, the screen and substrate are fabricated with corresponding stuff and the refractile indices are equal, i.e..If there are more than mavin bed between Cover and Substrate, so such type of optical wave guides are known as Multilayer wave guide.In a multi-layered wave guide, we shake pick to manufacture as m all beds as we required. We prat choose the thickness of the beds and the type of the stuff harmonizing to our demand.Fig. 1 Geometry of 3-layer wave guide constructionFor a N-layer construction, theDefineframe receives the vacuity wavelength, the refractile index time valuesns ( substrate ) , n1, , nN ( privileged beds 1 to N ) , nc ( screen ) , and the thicknes sest1, , tNof the interior beds. All dimensions are meant in microns. The figure illustrates the relevant geometryFig.2 Geometry of multilayer wave guide constructionMultilayer wave guides are used in the public presentation of a assortment of optical devices including conductive material optical masers, modulators, wave guide polarisers, Bragg reflectors, and directional couplings.During the last 20 old ages, many efforts feel been made to work out the sorrowful ridge equation for the propagating dexterity in a general, liberationless or lossy multilayer wave guide, in such a manner as to ease the design and optimisation of the above optical devices.TE-Pass PolarizerSilicon oxynitride ( SiON ) flattened waveguide construction can be fabricated by utilizing germ plasm enhanced chemical vapor deposition ( PECVD ) . In this technique oxidization reaction is initiated by plasma instead than utilizing external warming beginning. otherwise techniques are runing technique, vap our stage deposition technique but CVD technique is superior. These wave guides find assorted applications in optical communicating curiously as wavelength filter, microresonator, modulator, polarisation splitter and 2nd harmonic generator.A SiON steer motion-picture show is used as multilayered wave guide and utilizing transportation matrix method we propose the application of wave guide as a TE-Pass polarizer and TM-Pass polarizer holding a passband in the 3rd optical communicating window of 1550 nanometer. Polarizer is cardinal constituent for devices which require a individual polarisation for their operation. Most of the polarizer usage metal clad wave guides with proper thickness and refractile index of screen and substrate.Multilayer wave guides are used in the execution of a assortment of optical devices including semiconducting material optical masers, modulators, waveguide polarizer, Bragg reflectors, and directional couplings.We propose a multilayered SiON wave guide fabricated on substrate and has metalas screen is shown in fig 2. The pick of SiON is made for its super desirable characteristics such as pocket-sized interpolation loss, broad setting of refractile index tailoring and realisation of compact devices because of its low crease loss. The present constellation of optical polarizer provide happen applications in be optical circuits, signal processing from fiber ocular detectors and fiber gyro grasps. For the abridgment of the wave guide we have used the transportation matrix preparation.Fig.3 Geometry of multilayer wave guide construction= refractile index of the screen= refractile index of the movie i=1, 2r= refractile index of the substrate= thickness of the movie bed in micrometer= thickness of the movie bed in micrometerFigure 1FormulationFor the tally of backstage invariable and ensuing extension manner profile of multi-layered wave guide, there are following methods 1. Disturbance Method ( 4-layer )2. Newtons Method3. Mod e-matching method ( 5-layer construction )4. Transfer Matrix Formulation5. list regulation MethodThe disturbance method for a lossless 5-layer construction, for a lossy 4-layer construction, and for a metal-clad wave guide was used to find the extension invariables and the ensuing propagating manner profiles. Newtons method was used for metal-clad wave guides where the derived function of the scattering equation can be obtained analytically. A graphic method, every human action good as formal electromagnetic epitome methods such as the mode-matching method, was besides used. The disturbance method every bit good as Newtons method can non faint be ext give noticeed to multilayer constructions, since their attack is analytic and the expression involved catch cumbersome.None of the above methods can easy foretell the figure of propagating manners supported by the multilayer construction. This is a serious job since there is no manner of cognizing when to halt seeking for new pro pagating manners or pull down if the wave guide really can back up any manner at all. In fact, an extra analysis must be used to find the figure of guided manners before using the zero-searching techniques. Even if the figure of bing propagating guided manners is given, there is no hinderance that all the manners will be found. All the above mentioned methods have serious jobs in turn uping closely spaced roots. Furthermore, all of them quest an initial estimate near to the existent nothing. This initial estimation whitethorn be hard to happen, particularly for high-loss propagating manners where the popular disturbance method does non use. The method which we are utilizing, is based on complex figure theory. It is receptive of happening the nothing or poles of any analytic map in the complex matted. The scattering equation of a general multilayer wave guide is formed via the construct of thin-film transfer-matrix theory. After its uniqueness points are observed, the complex p lane is divided into parts where the scattering equation is analytic, and all the zeros inside for each one part are found. In add-on, the method provides the figure of nothing or poles in each part. The transfer-matrix analysis provides an easy preparation of the multilayer construction job. The method will be presented for TE manners but the extension to TM manners is straightforward.Fig.4 TE-Pass PolarizerA multilayer nonmagnetic slab wave guide construction( =O) ,is shown in Fig. 2. The refractile index,,of the IThursdaybed can be complex in general, i.e. ,,where,is the defunctness coefficient of the IThursdaybed and I = 1.. . ..randRis the layer figure. For aTelluriummanner propagating in the+way in the IThursdaybed, (tenI? x ? xi+1) , the electric land is,and the magnetic handle in the same bed iswhereare the unit vectors in theten, Y, omegaway, each,is the radian frequence, andis the complex extension invariable withandthe stage and the fading invariables independently2. 1TE ModeA multilayer nonmagnetic slab wave guide construction( =O) ,is shown in Fig. 3. The refractile index,,of the IThursdaybed can be complex in general, i.e. ,,where,is the extinction coefficient of the IThursdaybed and I = 1.. . ..randRis the layer figure. For aTelluriummanner propagating in the+way in the IThursdaybed, (tenI? x ? xi+1) , the electric field is,and the magnetic field in the same bed iswhereare the unit vectors in theten, Y, omegaway, severally,is the radian frequence, andis the complex extension invariable withandthe stage and the fading invariables severallyBy utilizing maxwells differential equations, we getFor TE manner,= 0, merelyconstituents will show.So by work outing above two Maxwells equations, we get( 1 )( 2 )( 3 )( 6 )whereis the freespace permittivity,and, c is the velocity of the visible radiation in the freespace andis the freespace wavelength. The electric and magnetic The galvanic and Magnetic digressive Fieldss within the IThursdaybed are solut ions of above equation, and can be written as= AI+ BI( 7 a )=j( 7 B )When we apply boundary status at=in equations ( 7 a ) and ( 7 B ) , so we will acquire( 8 )=cos +( 10 a )( 10 B )Adding equation ( 10 a ) and ( 10 B )( 11 )Using the continuity of the digressive Fieldss at any layer interface in the multilayer construction, the Fieldss digressive to the boundaries at the concealment of the substrate bed,and at the underside of the screen bed,, are related via the matrix merchandise=( 12 )Wherefor one = 1,2.. , R( 13 )Are the transportation matrices for all of theRbeds holding thickness. For propagating manners, the digressive Fieldss at the boundaries must be exponentially disintegrating holding the signifier( 14 )And( 15 )Where,From equation ( 12 ) , we getThe extinction ratio ( PER ) is defined as the ratio of power staying ( at the end produce terminal ) in themanner () to the power staying ( at the end product terminal ) in themanner () , expressed in dBs. In add-on, the inte rpolation loss ( PIL ) is defined as the power loss associated with themanner. FrankincensePER= 10PER= red in dubnium?Loss in dubniumPIL= 10()PIL=Loss in dubniumThe above equations undertake that the inputmanner has unit power at the input terminal of the polarizer. In effect to hold a good TE-pass polarizer, we require the power staying in the desiredmanner at the end product terminal of the polarizer to be every bit high as possible. Hence a low value of PIL is desirable. The effectivity of the polarizer in know aparting against the transition of themode comparative to themanner is measured by the PER parametric quantity. Therefore, this parametric quantity should be every bit high as possible. Hence, we require a high PER and at the same time a low PIL.Figure 5.1 Effective index w.r.t.normalized movie Figure 5.2 Loss w.r.t.normalized movie bedFig. 5.3 Effective index w.r.t.normalized movie bed Fig. 5.4 Loss w.r.t.normalized movie bedDecisionFirst of wholly, we have checked the map of TE manner by utilizing transportation matrix method 2 . The value of stage changeless and fading invariable for 6-layer Lossy Dielectric fluctuateguide are available. The available informations were calculated by the method of Argument Principle ( APM ) .Transportation Matrix method has been used to analyze a quaternary superimposed waveguide dwelling of SiON as guiding movie. On this footing, we have designed TE base on balls polarizer. The scope of SiON movie thickness was estimated so that merely the cardinal pervert TE0is supported. The computations showed that in the thickness scope of 0.7m -2.2 m of SiON, the wave guide supports merely TE0manner.In TE manner base on balls polarizer, the loss of TE manner is in the scope of 0.2 2.5 dB/cm and for TM mode its scope is 40 45 dB/cm, which rather higher in comparing to TE manner. So in this type of constellation of four bed wave guide, merely TE manner will go through.Mentions 1 Vishnu Priye, Bishnu P.Pal, and K.Thyaga rajan, digest and Design of a Novel Leaky YIG Film Guided Wave Optical Isolator, J. Lightwave Technol. , vol. 16, No.2, February 1998 2 Anemogiannis and E.N.Glytis, Multilayer waveguides Efficient numerical analysis of general constructions, J. Lightwave Technol. , vol. 10, pp. 1344-1351, 1992 3 M.Ajmal Khan and Hussain A. Jamid, TE/TM Pass Guided Wave Optical Polarizer , IEEETEM2003 4 H.Kogelnik, Theory of Optical Waveguides in Guided-wave Optoelectronics, T. Tamir, Ed. New York Springer-verlag, 1988 5 AJOY K. GHATAK, K. THYAGARAJAN, AND M. R. SHENOY mathematical Analysis of Planar Optical Waveguides Using Matrix Approach 6 Ajoy Ghatak and K.Thyagarajan, Optical Electronics , Cambridge University Press 7 Joseph A Edminister and Vishnu Priye, Electromagnetics Schaums Outline, Tata MacGraw preparation Private Limited

Mock interview

Johnson, and we talked a lowly bit about that troupe which was about how great that company is. I love Johnson & Johnson this company a lot. It survived from World War One, the Great drop-off , and World War Two. And it is coming much and much stronger, more than ever. We went by some Traditional reference Questions as well. When he asked me, do you take working(a) on a team or as an single contri justor? I basically combined my own working mystify with it, and I said l actually more enjoy working on a team rather than an individual contributor, because I utilise to work In a restaurant before which Is not a one persons Job, it takes many people and time to work on it, to draw away it, and run It. As myself, I take every firm and company as a big running machine, and each stuff members atomic number 18 working as a small part and persona of this machine. Everyone Is involved, and everyone Is essential as well.In order to make this machine runs, each part and component I s Indispensable. It may start to running If without some part or component, but It wont work as well as If everyone Is Involved. It was a great acquaintance to having an Interview with him. The whole Interviewing didnt take too long, and it was only about 20 minutes. But he gave me a very good Impression from the blood line to the end. It Is very Important to have such a mock Interview before we take the real Interview with some big companies. It Isnt exactly gave me the experience, but It also gives me the courage.

How to Manage International Joint Venture Successfully Essay

There is sedate incr moderation in the rate of transcriptions seeking to operate in at onces highly competitive global markets with sustainable competitive advantage. (Taylor, 2004 Ernst & Halevy, 2004). In sanctify to arrive at this transnational expansion, companies use contrary market initiation strategies. Earlier study on IJVs reveals that global knock ventures argon the ab egress common means of externalization (Ernst & Halevy, 2004). This paper shall present a refresh solution on how to achieve winnerful IJV alliance In general, overwhelmnational joint venture (IJV) is an equity sharing arrangement between a local firm and a foreign co achievement (government or private) coming unneurotic by putting all undeniable resources together, sharing attempt and practicable controls to operate as one independent line entity to accelerate internet and development or in order to achieve some strategical goals. (Craig C. Julian. 2000). In most IJVs, cardinal companies merge together for the matter of ease and convenience, the two companies consume become the parent of the limitment that surface from the optical fusion (Geringer & Hebert, 1989).But there are situations where to a greater extent than two companies form IJV, this is reliable in cases where already integrated companies try to merge with some other large companies to establish a single organisation T0o compete in an internationalistic business environment, firms are forming joint ventures as a mechanism for the enhancement of global competitiveness. (Cyr, 1995) IJV feces aid an organisation in achieving their business objectives in hostile and uncertain markets (Miller et al., 2007). Clayton-Smith (2012). Suggest that IJV offer a great luck for multinational businesses to facilitate growth, to gain skill, capabilities, market entrance money, etc. (For example businesses buns cut cost and boost growth by using the self equal(prenominal) human resources, deliver services with the same computing facilities and even make out office infrastructures). IJV comes with many benefits, Kumar &Pavan (2012) describe benefits of IJV to an extent, that is, when companies partner together, they provide themselves strength, capability and expertise to conquer new geographical markets, expand their product portfolio and besides for diversification.There are few success stories associated with IJV, (Xerox &fuji cherry) decade of stormy fusion has survived well, with both companies praising their success on IJV alliance IJV alliances over the past clips decade use up shown a promising future (Kumar&Pavan, 2012). Earlier look into on IJV growth and risks by KPMG supports Kumar &Pavan (2012) claims. In (2005), A KPMG finding showed that 64% of US companies will opt for IJV alliances, and Also 52% unflinching to throw a new alliance at heart two years. heterogeneous studies on IJV partnership showed a very optimistic future. Vast volume of executives repor ts show that their IJV alliance has generated about 40% in their annual revenue, Most times, IJVs are created so as to gain access into hostile and uncertain markets (Abroad), which might not be possible otherwise. decidedly two heads working together are better than one, in the same philosophy two companies would work better than one.Obviously, there will be more resources available when you have two or more companies merged together This optimism of IJVs comes with huge risk, IJVs suffer from several d barren backs, these draw backs are the primary reason behind the disap insinuatement of a large number of IJV partnerships. Research by Kalmbach & Roussel (1999) reveals that 80% of IJVs have failed and only 20% were successful. another(prenominal) similar study by Neal R. Goodman (2011) estimated 50 to 70 percent failure in external enounce supposition. Matthews (2001). produced a great piece of writings on the reasons behind the failure of IJVs, Matthews (2001) stated the fol lowing as defining characteristics of IJVs, IJVs need strategic objectives, IJVs are full of charge problems, IJVs need to blow up a operable organisation form, IJVs are alship standal transitional structures You have to inject stability into IJVs- it is not there naturallyThese characteristics provoke march as possible drawbacks of IJVs. Hence giving room for criticism We can shuffle out some vital points from the above mentioned characteristics. The most beta one of them is the difficulty at the level of operation. The concept of forcefulness control from multiple firms creates troubles and as a result affects the administration of the organisation. forward a merger, each come with operate differently with their own make of policies, methods and strategies, when they merge and these fundamentals clash, it might result to problems within the organisation such(prenominal)(prenominal) inter- Organisational issues need serious attention and need to be dealt with in order fo r the venture to last. So, IJVs can serve as a backbone of organisational problems.These problems can as well cripple the growth of the organisation. Sometimes IJV fails due to the collaboration, culture, organize plans, control procedures, financial and legal mechanisms, and consensus management agreements in place (M.Nixon et al., 2012). galore(postnominal) of the Case Studies on IJV all tend to point to conflicts with vision ,trust, subversive activity , leading struggles between both firms and as a result of this, troubles begins to fly front in the face of IJV success, Typically. The company with the most shares in any IJV forwardness up tend to have the highest form of authority or sometimes it is decided by voting, these are the methods used in setting up the management of the organisation in most cases. However this can be sooner problematic in situations where companies involve have equal shares or even when one company has the minority.Proper representation of each c ompanys ideals and policies is off course a difficult job it becomes more difficult when the companies involve wide ethnic differences. Failure to understand the ethics, set and norms of each other result to IJVs failure. Furthermore, Stability is always not associated with IJVs as it is very difficult to sustain stability in a venture. many an(prenominal) academics associate IJVs with a lifecycle, It is said that any organisation comprising of many different firms tends to be unstable short lived, Multiple firms forming an organization impart this intrinsic stability simply because of the variation in their individual nature, their culture, their role and their attitude.These cultural issues that adhere to IJV remain a major concern for an effective IJV collaboration. afterward a serious pounder on the drawbacks of IJVs, There are quite a few theories in place that can help achieve a successful IJV partnership. Kumar&Pavan (2012) defines cooperative strategy as the insepara ble supporting structure for building successful alliances. According to Kumar&Pavan (2012), collaborative strategy defines the factors the companies need to look at before forming a Joint Venture alliance. The following are the Golden rules of partnership success as given by Cyr (1995)- * A balance of trust and self engagement* Anticipation of conflicts* Clear definition of strategic leadership* Flexibility* acceptation of cultural differences at the level of both the national culture and the somatic culture* Orchestration of technology transfer* Learning from the partners strengthsIn other to deal with some of the challenges that face IJVs today, it is very necessary to have a very strong strategic leadership in place, a leadership that is based by rules and procedures. With a stable leadership clearly in place, chances of conflict are minimized. The leader most be able to incorporate all the attitudes and views of both patties into policies and strategies that will help the or ganization prosper as a single entity Obliviously, when there are two or more companies within the alliance, every individual will be after the interest or profit that emerge from the venture, this is where the second point drift in, which is Balance of self interest and trust even supposing the international joint ventures has a dominant parent company in control, hence interest of all companies involved must be kept intact. The companies involve must have a mutual trust in place and at all times be ready to share risk for the benefits of the organisation as a whole.The organisation at all time must be ready to resolve conflict between firms when they rescind and also developing long term strategies for the future of the organisation. With trust in place within the organisation, companies tend to adjust to accommodate and have a clear understanding of each others nature of business. A clear understanding of each others nature of business (culture) can give a useful insight on ho w to create newer ways of operation in the organisation. In situations where companies come from different countries, case cultured is there to be coped with. Companies may emerge from the same pastoral but different regions with different cultural setups, even in such cases the difference of cooperative culture is still there to be dealt with. bonny enough, this issue of culture difference can positively turn out as innovations in the field by learning from each others strength and weaknesses. Flexibility is a key to creating successful joint ventures.Variation in cultural backgrounds is seen as a affright to the success of IJV, but it is as well considered that, the more the gap between the cooperating countries little is the chance of survival of the IJV (Barkema & Vermeulen, 1997). Adaptation is very important here. Obviously cultural variation can be quite problematic, but at the same time they can be useful when taken as lessons, and when interracial together to derive n ewer and better strategies of operation, by putting two or more cultures together not only will it boost growth but can also add to the consumer base. There is issue of management too, the management problem happen to be the most troublesome in IJVs, It is not the control that is the problem but the lack of effective communion. unmatchable of the industries that excel in IJV venture is the insurance industry, and severe communication melodic phrase is among all partners is among the characteristics that contribute to the success of insurance IJVs, They try to maintain viable and consistent internal harmony that is base on rules and procedures.Effective communication must be maintained at all time and passim decisions making so that policies dont appear unilateral or one sided More examples of successful IJVs emerge from Hungary where Hungarian companies inherit drive and knowledge from the parent companies. This is true of several companies from Hungary that have partnered wit h western organisation (Lyles & Salk, 2007). The western companies come in with new and better technology and also better ways of management and production, and this method have worked for the Hungarian companies with them having good results in return. So, it depends on the level of understanding and adaptability between the companies. Information, market and raw materials are mostly the necessary resources that are available during an IJV alliance.Utilization and circulation of these resources depend on the companies involved. However, the company that fails to utilise these resources end up getting terminated from the Venture alliance.In 1997-98 up to 20000 IJVs deals were sealed in china (Zhang & Rajagopalan, 2002). One characteristic that help all these IJVs survive was that they were all formed under a governmental pressure. In this case, the intervention from government brought about stability within the organisation. Also companies were relieved off the tension of mutual de pendencies which made the inter organisational relationships much easier. In this manner Inter partner credible threat was largely reduced. The rise of globalization and emerging economic power houses of Brazil, Russia, India, and China is seeing more new markets created. IJV will play a ascendent role for multinational companies looking to partner with domestic businesses in those markets.As this review has shown the history of IJVs has not always been clear cut (it is a very difficult task to build a successful international joint venture alliance). The 80% failure in IJVs (Kalmbach & Roussel 1999) should not stimulate multinational companies as there are many different ways of facing this challenges that adhere to IJVs. counselling and operation of the organisation must be clearly understood and controlled in a proper way and by the most appropriate individuals. All companies must involve in the operation of the organisation. No firm should be excluded in the affairs of the or ganisation. The companies involved should be open to change and adaptability so as to combine the best they can all offer. If these few aspect are properly practiced the IJV is fate to surviveClayton-Smith, . (n.d). What makes a successful joint venture?. Available http//www.growingbusiness.co.uk/how-to-make-your-joint-venture-work.html. wear accessed 10th Dec 2012.T.K. Das, Rajesh Kumar, (2010) Interpartner sensemaking in strategic alliances Managing cultural differences and internal tensions, Management Decision, Vol. 48 Iss 1, pp.17 36KPMG International & IESE Business School. (2009). Joint Ventures A marionette for Growth During the Economic Downturn. Available http//www.kpmg.com/LU/en/IssuesAndInsights/Articlespublications/Documents/Joint-Ventures-2010.pdf. extreme accessed quaternate Dec 2012.Killing,P (1983). Strategies for joint venture success. Westport, CT Praeger Publishers Inc . p13-38.Gomes-Casseres, B. (1997). Competing in Constellations The Case of Fuji Xerox. Available http//www.alliancestrategy.com/PDFs/BGC%20Fuji%20Xerox%20%20SnB97.pdf. at long last accessed 4th Dec 2012.M I L L E R , R., G L E N, J., S P E R S E N, F., A N N I S K A R M O KO L I A S, A.. (1997). International Joint Ventures in Developing Countries . Available http//www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/1997/03/pdf/miller.pdf. stretch out accessed 10th Dec 2012.Perkins,S., Morck,R., Yeung, B.. (2008). INNOCENTS ABROADTHE HAZARDS OF INTERNATIONAL JOINT VENTURES WITH PYRAMIDAL sort out FIRMS. Available http//business.illinois.edu/ba/seminars/2009/perkins_paper.pdf. Last accessed 7th Dec 2012.Gomes-Casseres, B. (2004). StrategyManaging beyond the Alliance. Available http//www.alliancestrategy.com/PDFs/BGC%20AllianceStrategy%20CriticalEYE04.pdf. Last accessed 4th Dec 2012.Girmscheid,G., Brockmann,C.. (n.d). Trust as a Success Factor in International Joint Ventures. Available http//crgp.stanford.edu/publications/conference_papers/Brockmanntrust.pdf. Last accessed 3d Dec 201 2.Ernst, D ., Halevy T . (2005). When to think alliance. Available http//www.mckinseyquarterly.com/When_to_think_alliance_941. Last accessed 4th De 2012.

Premature Death From Poor Nutrition Health And Social Care Essay

parasiticidal fodderetic wonts moderate a scope of qualities, including fiber and fatty acerbic content glycemic burden sodium-potassium ratios microsolid food denseness macro alimentary composing and acid-base balance ( Prentice & A Jebb, 2003 ) . However, this paper will concentrate on one of the most generic and dramatic deductions of hapless diet adiposeness. In the UK, gyrating fleshiness rates fuck off been deemed of epidemic proportions, with one analysis proposing 60 % of the grownup population could be obese by 2050 ( Foresight, 2007 ) . In add-on to the degree of human miserableness such(prenominal) figures represent, the projected fiscal load is signifi cigarettet a accomplishable ?10 billion one-year cost for the NHS ( McPherson et al. , 2007 ) and ?49.9 billion for the UK economic system ( McCormack & A Stone, 2007 ) . As a system , the determiners of fleshiness are plant in biological and societal copys of considerable complexness, intending any susta inable chemical reaction must be comprehensive and well-considered. This paper considers two challenges presently confronting health mental science in its enterprise to heighten the assign s dietary quality our obesogenic society and the grasp of incorporate remedial schemes. An Obesogenic fellowship In 2007, the psychologist Susan Jebb famously ( and provokingly ) declared that such is the construction of newfangled life styles, it is less surprising that so many persons are overweight, than that so many manage to stay thin. Fleshiness, she concluded, was an inevitable result of a nuance in which sedentary work, inexpensive goose egg-dense nutrient, mechanised conveyance and labour-saving devices were omnipresent. The be lie inf that fleshiness is a consequence of private over-indulgence is a prevailing one, and has formed the foundation of a scope of enterprises aimed at educating and actuating single bearing transition ( e.g. , Bathrellou et al. , 2010 Murawski et al . , 2009 NHS, 2009 ) . However, despite decennaries of dietetic counsel at that place has been merely minimum overture in footings of meeting recommended energy and alimentary ingestion ( Krebs-Smith et al. , 2010 ) , whereas healthy have intercessions derived from psychological rules and behavioral alteration hypothetic accounts have non proven peculiarly effectual for shoot oning lasting and purposeful alteration ( e.g. , Shepherd et al. , 2006 Lytle, 2009 Procter et al. , 2008 ) . It would whence look that exhortations for greater single self-denial and duty so, engaging fight on healthy feeding ( and fleshiness ) as a replete(p) undertaking ( Thosby, 2009, p.201 ) does non look to be sufficient for configuring better dietetic wonts. whence one important challenge for wellness psychological science appears to lie in advancing flatus-relieving nutrient consumption in an purlieu which, through its conditions and chances, is structured to advance fleshiness ( Lak e & A Townshend, 2006 ) . Possible campaigners in this case include obesogenic advertisement and selling patterns ( Lobstein & A Dibb, 2005 ) arrangement and pic of fast-food mer faecestile establishments ( Hemphill et al. , 2008 ) the prevalence of low-cost, energy-dense nutrient compared to the comparative disbursal of fruit and veggies ( Jones, 2008 ) and post- and pre-natal conditions, such as suited maternal nutrition, breast-feeding, healthy ablactation patterns, which are associated with lessen hazard of grownup adiposeness ( Barker, 2007 Skidmore et al. , 2009 Singhal & A Lanigan, 2008 ) . Planned state-supportedity of healthful eating therefore requires both an apprehension of these structural correlatives, and a conveyancing of attending from stray individual-level enterprises to the environmental determiners of weight-related nutrient pick and eating behavior. For illustration, the ANGELO model ( Analysis Grid for Environments Linked to Obesity Swinburn et a l. , 1999 ) is a conceptual theoretical account for defining obesogenicity, and prioritizing cardinal elements for question and intercession ( e.g. , sociocultural, physical, political, economic ) at both the population degree ( community-wide ) or the setting degree ( fast-food mercantile establishments ) . Similarly, Lytle ( 2009 ) advocates psychometric appraisal of the food environment within workplaces, schools and communities in found to place features that are either leptogenic ( advancing meagerness ) or obesogenic. such(prenominal) flexible, robust steps of micro-physical and sociocultural influences are a important prospect of incorporating the personal and environmental correlatives of obesogenic nutrient ingestion, and explicating suited entree points for intercession ( Brug et al. , 2006 ) .As depositd antecedently, individualistic prescriptions to anneal nutrient consumption against energy exceed have non succeeded at the population degree. Policies to reenforce and modify healthy behavior whitethorn hence be most efficaciously implemented at multiple degrees. In the instance of breastfeeding, this might include single enterprises ( e.g. , peer-support groups Hoddinott et al. , 2009 ) topical anesthetic degree schemes ( e.g. , hospital policies for back uping and educating female parents Hannula, 2008 ) and national intercessions ( e.g. , entitlement to suckle in public Cattaneo et al. , 2005 ) . Similarly, psychologists must complement targeted intervention intercessions ( e.g. , initiatives to promote/sustain weight-loss ) with population-level incumbrance steps ( e.g. , curtailing exposure to obesogenic diets ) . In add-on, intercessions that impact at assorted degrees, precisely to a cumulative and changing extent, may besides be good ( Foresight, 2007 ) . For illustration, supplying alimentary school repasts ( a focused enterprise ) can be augmented by educative schemes to heighten cognition and instinct of healthful diet ( an enabler ) , hence supplying coherent, dependable wellness messages ( an amplifier ) . world wellness runs that are supported and maintained by such environmental alterations may besides assist debar unhealthy dietetic wonts from reoccurring ( Maio et al. , 2007 ) .Integrated SchemesAmending the state s dietetic imposts creates complicated dilemmas associating to economic and societal policies in nutrient production and retail, instruction, health care and even civilization itself ( Foresight, 2007 Ogilvie & A Hamlet, 2005 ) . As such, a system-wide attack is required which incorporates an inclusive, complementary repertory of intercessions something that will be facilitated by greater coaction between psychologists and other stakeholders ( Jebb et al. , 2007 ) . At present, there are deficient schemes for heightening public nutrition that are concerted, compound and engage multiple bureaus ( Lang & A Rayner, 2007 Martin-Bautista et al. , 2009 Matthews et al. , 2009 ) . Ye t such is the complexness of the issue, that implementing and prolonging meaningful betterment will about surely necessitate joint-working between scientists, the nutrient industry, policy shapers, the media and local communities.An of import principle for non marginalising multi-disciplinary attacks is that the multiple determiners of hapless diet do non back up the usage of stray, disconnected redress schemes to bring on widespread alteration. For illustration, ingestion of unsanitary diets has been partially normalised through factors handle cheaper nutrient ( which can increase how much is eaten ) , greater pick, a heightened longing for convenience nutrient, and the usage of energy-dense repasts as short-run comfort/reward ( Wardle, 2007 ) . Furthermore, ambivalency is a cardinal factor in unsanitary feeding ( i.e. , difference between the desire for toothsome, high-fat nutrients and the want to be healthy and/or rock-and-roll ) , intending that single duty and decision-m aking in response to wellness messages can be compromised ( Jones, 2008 ) . Taken together, this suggests that a consistent, coordinated response between different stakeholders may assist relocate the accent on behaviour alteration as a corporate concern, by aiming scenes in which single behavior is enacted.An incorporate scheme for bettering diet might include engaged, strategic and multidisciplinary partnerships between psychologists, wellness professionals, authorities representatives and consumer groups in order to ease efficient transportation of evidence-based intercessions to real-world applications ( NICE, 2006 ) . coaction can be seen as the coming together of diverse involvements and mint to accomplish a common intent via interactionsaand coordination of activities ( Jassawalla & A Sashittal, 1998, p.239 ) , and is an of import unavoidableness for intermixing scientific discipline and policy through enhanced information-sharing, specifying shared visions of jobs and precedences, formulating/disseminating dietetic enterprises utilizing accessible methods and appropriate stuffs for practician demands, and planing meaningful research inquiries. This is peculiarly pertinent given that dietetic sweetening presents a figure of importunate methodological challenges, for illustration accurate appraisal of determiners and correlatives the demand for suited definitions the relevancy of longitudinal, population-based surveies and the bring of human behavior, beliefs and values, and how these mechanisms instigate and maintain alteration. These elaboratenesss mean divergency and incompatibility can originate between psychologists seeking to polish and revise theories, and the more immediate, practical(a) demand of practicians seeking information on which to develop intercessions. Bettering assurance and communication between psychologists and other bureaus may therefore assist prudent planning, execution, and rating. For illustration, psychological a nalysis has highlighted the deduction for wellness inequalities of statute law to revenue enhancement fat content of nutrient merchandises, in that it may diminish acquirable income and inducements for healthier nutrients amongst lower socioeconomic groups ( e.g. , Caraher & A Cowburn, 2005 Powell & A Chaloupka, 2009 ) , whereas other research workers have assessed the impact, feasibleness, and cost-effectiveness of pecuniary inducements to modify dietetic behavior ( Wall et al. , 2006 ) . As noted by the Foresight Report ( 2007, p.122 ) A co-ordinated response would enable maximal benefit to be realised from this important degree of energy and resources. Working in partnership with multiple stakeholders to advance the wellness of the state is critical to success. DecisionsIt is improbable that the current prevalence of hapless nutrition ( and its consecutive wellness effects ) will come to a natural last without sustained, long-run intercessions that invest clip and resou rces into set uping new patterns and constructions to back up healthful diets. One realistic chance in this enterprise is a conjunct attempt to both devolve focal point from ( I ) single self-denial towards social values and precedences and ( two ) defying patchy, short-run intercessions that do non run in a multi-level, multi-sector mode. Establishing enhanced dietetic quality at the population-level is a complex challenge, but non an indissoluble 1. With sufficient imaginativeness, committedness, and vision, preparations and schemes to better public wellness may be continuously developed and delivered in a mode that reflects the best available pattern, policy, and wellness scientific discipline.

Critical response to ‘Z for Zachariah’ by Robert C. O’Brien Essay

The mass I ask is Z for Zachariah by Robert C. OBrien. I enjoyed this set aside beca function it contained hardly a(prenominal) tho excellent tempers and is full of mystery and suspense.Z for Zachariah is slightly a sixteen-year-old girl, c bothed Ann centre who pretends she is the only mortal to survive a nuclear war. However, as her diary entries progress, you learn of a person in a parking herd suit who is pulling what give ears like a trailer covered with the uniform green material as the suit approaching Ann Burdens valley. Later in the diary you find out that the person is a man who had been an industrial chemist before the war, working for the Government innovation a suit to protect people in the event of a nuclear explosion. His name is Mr Loomis and he is wearing the only one of these suits.When Mr Loomis eventually arrives in the valley, he is amazed by the detail that on that point is body of water, which appears to be expert but Mr Loomis makes one s evere mistake. When he checks the water for the take aim of radiation therapy with his Geiger counter he in fact checks the clean water in the bombard but then goes on to venture nonwithstanding d stimulate the valley, where he finds Ann Burdens home where the polluted Burden brook is nearby. Once Mr Loomis has seen inside Anns house (where Ann has cleverly isolated all clues that could show the visitor that there has been people living there recently) he then proceeds towards Burden Creek in the hope of getting his foremost tub in probably months.However, not realising that the stream and Creek are not connected and in fact the Creek runs into the valley from over the hill where the pollution is, he jumps right in. deep down a very short period of snip after Mr Loomis has had his bath he became very ill, as he had been exposed to a lot of radiation. When Mr Loomis be commences sick Ann then realises she pull up stakes have to help him and that is when she first shows he rself. Anns diary entries take you through the events that happen when she is and is not in the connection of Mr Loomis.My favourite part of the mass is the first three diary entries. In these diary entries Mr Loomis has not yet arrived in the valley however Ann has seen bay window from over the hill for three days, which she presumes is from a human make exculpate because it is in a thin column that it rises. The smoke comes at the aforementioned(prenominal) time everyday, in late afternoon. Each afternoon the smoke is adjacent to Anns home. I like this part of the book the most because in it you find out what it has been like for Ann being alone for so hanker because her family left her to look for separate people and had neer returned. It is interesting to read Anns thoughts of being excited and scared that she may in fact not be the only person left in the world. It is unambiguous wherefore Ann would be excited about almostone else coming into the valley but maybe no t so clear why she would be scared.Ann is scared because after the nuclear explosion more or less radio displace had legato broadcasted, but towards the end of them broadcasting the presenters seemed to be going crazy. present is a quote from the second diary entry which will apologise why Ann is scared Suppose a car came over the hill, and I ran out, and whoever was in it got out say he was crazy? Or suppose it was someone humble, or cruel, and brutal? A murderer? What could I do?After this quote, you realise that Ann is a very sensible and careful person because she decides to move her things to a cave nearby her home and make it look as though no one has lived in her house. That way she do-nothing watch whoever is coming into her valley and if they are crazy or mean she give the gate stay in the cave unbe inhabitn to the visitor and inhabit until they leave. At the end of the third diary entry Ann has still not seen anyone but knows that they are camping at the crossro ads and exploring North, South, East, West and when they come into the South they will find Anns valley.The most remarkable case in the book I commemorate is Ann Burden. She is careful, ripe(p), kind, helpful, sensible, confused, and strategic/logical. In the adjacent paragraph I will explain why Ann Burden is all of the things I have just saidThe reason I think of Ann is careful is because when Mr Loomis is first entering the valley she goes to the cave to live there as she does not know if Mr Loomis is safe. During the book Z for Zachariah you realise that in fact even though Ann is only sixteen she is more than mature than Mr Loomis who is quite a bit older than Ann. The proof that shows this, is all of the dustup I am using to describe her and she also thinks about having children to come out the human-race again. The words kind, helpful and sensible describe Ann well because when Mr Loomis is ill with radiation poisoning she helps him and is kind to him even though hes a stranger.Also Ann still helps Mr Loomis after he tried to rape her she gives him one-half of everything i.e. eggs, milk and chicken and lets him have the comforts of her home while she moves into the cave. It is overt that Ann is confused, as she does not know why Mr Loomis is being so terrible to her especially when she has done everything she can to be nice to him and to help him. The sustain words to describe Ann are strategic and logical I think these words describe Ann well because when she does not want Mr Loomis to find her she thinks about what he can and cannot see e.g. when she gains a fire she thinks about where and how to build it so Mr Loomis cant see it she also thinks about what time of the day to light it.The style of Z for Zachariah is in diary form. end-to-end the book there were not many figures of terminology, however, there were a a couple of(prenominal) similes, here is a quote from the book that describes Anns dog Faro when he has returned from the dead lands where there is radiation, in it there is a simile as thin as a skeleton. The structure of Z for Zachariah is in chronological order, each event happening in an order that makes sense and makes the bosh more strong and interesting. During the book, there is not much direct speech as the genre of the book is in diary form so it contains more of the thoughts and feelings of Ann Burden.The themes in the book are effects of modern technology, survival, dominance, bullying, term against youth, optimism/realism, breeding, art v cognition and religion v atheism. In the chase sentences, I will discuss the themes that materialise in Z for Zachariah. The first theme effects of modern technology is the theme that allowed the story to occur because nothing in the book would have happened had there not been a nuclear explosion. The themes of survival, dominance and age against youth are all conjugate together and are in a way very connatural to each other. These three themes are perhaps the strongest and most occurring ones end-to-end the book, I will explain why survival of course is going to be a major issue, Ann is the one who thinks about this the most having thought of development her own crops, so when the supplies run out in the shop she will still have food to survive, and that is just one example.Throughout the book Mr Loomis tries to be the stereotypical Alpha male, he wants everything to be done his own way and to be done by him. For example when Ann said she would go into the town with the safe suit to collect books, even though Mr Loomis is still ill he refuses to let her go, perhaps thinking she is incapable or he could have been worried she wouldnt come back with the safe suit, although I think the first scenario is more likely. The only time Mr Loomis seemed to let Ann do things her way is when he could not do things for himself, however, he never admitted it. Age against youth is another strong theme as throughout the book you realise tha t Mr Loomis even though he is older he is not unendingly wiser and more mature, in fact Ann is definitely the more mature of the two characters. Optimism and realism are two words that can explain Ann and Mr Loomis completely different personalities.Ann being the optimist who thinks that the results of an action will always be good and Mr Loomis being the realist he makes decisions based on facts and not on false hope. Throughout the book breeding is a theme, but more with Ann she thinks towards the future and beginning the human-race again. The theme of art v science is one that occurs throughout the book. As Ann is provoke in art and Mr Loomis is interested in science, a few quarrels occur between them. However, quarrels is perhaps the defective word because Mr Loomis always seemed to get his own way. Again, I will use the example of when Ann wanted to use the safe suit to collect some engineering and physics books for Mr Loomis she also suggested that she get some for herself . Such as poetry.Yet Mr Loomis refused and said, You could not go. Understand that. Keep away from the suit. Never feeling it. After Mr Loomis had given Ann his lecture, she could not understand why he had snuff it so angry. It was alright if he wanted something but as in short as Ann wanted something to do with her interests, it was too much of a risk. righteousness v atheism is a theme in the book. Ann being the spiritual one and Mr Loomis the atheist. I dont think Ann is strongly religious, I just think she finds going to the church and praying a comforting factor. former I said Mr Loomis is an atheist. This means that he doesnt believe that any god or gods exist, therefore he does not understand why Ann would want to go to the church and waste her time praying.I enjoyed this book because there were few characters, which allowed you to get to know them better. I also want the style of the book being in diary form because you didnt have to read the minute by minute accounts of what is happening in the book you only get to read the exciting and more intense parts which would be written in a diary. The thing that made the book a little boring was the fact that there werent many different figures of speech.The length I though was too long, some parts of the book seemed to be dragged out to give it a eight-day length, for example when Mr Loomis is sick the book got a little boring because in the diary entries you really were only told what Ann had did that day, there wasnt enough character interaction. One thing that I thought ruined the book was the ending, I thought it was exciting when you were told that there was hope that there could be other people still living and you wanted to keep reading and know if there was anyone else out there, but it just stopped. Taking the entire book into account my opinion is that it is quite good as I think it gives a good insight into what could happen if there is a nuclear explosion it is realistic.

Black People and Tone

Tone is the attitude a author has about a topic. For example, a cantillate might be serious, sarcastic, respectful, or unsympathetic. A writer establishes tone through choice of words and details. Directions Zora Neale Hurston creates a strong tone when she writes about race in this essay. In the randomness column of the chart, list key word choices and details from the essay that fall her attitude for each topic. Describe her tone in the third column. thusly answer the question that follows. Topic Word Choices and Details Tone emergence up in a town with only African-Americans She knew no early(a) and only when thought it was normal. Laid back,normal White nation visiting Eatonville NorthernersWhites would just pass thru Exciting, actors The difference between Eatonville and Jacksonville Eatonville was only blacks and Jacksonville was predominantly white with change universe a minority. Solemn and lonely The lasting effects of bondage in the United States People remindi ng her that she is a granddaughter of slaves Depressed How African-Americans and white people respond differently to music African-Americans feel more depth and soul. It is actually they have lived it and white people look for more classical to uncompress and just enjoy. respectful What is the overall tone of Hurstons essay? What height does Hurston make by choosing this tone to discuss the subject of race? Is Hurstons tone appropriate and effective for her topic? Explain. I believe her tone was excited about her younger years and the fun of just being a kid and knowing nothing about race or discrimination. Towards the end it became more solemn. But she was wrong by no means. Her remonstrate and expression was regulated by her story telling. She only told about her bit and what she experienced. I really enjoyed it.

Nutritional Considerations for Ice Hockey Athletes Essay

Nutrition is essential for one and all. investigate has shown that optimal fodder is critical for both physical and mental feat. optimum nutrition means that which is neither excess nor lacking(predicate). Optimal nutrition has an central role in the carrying out of divertsmen. Nutrition is alike important during course session and training sessions so that oertraining does non occur. The type of nutrition essential for each(prenominal) magnetic declination is different depending on the level of physical operation involved. crackpot hockey game is one of the mettle about range sports which require high strong point training and likewise high military capability performance.This research explores the optimal nutrition requirement of wish-wash hockey athletes. Energy requirements of ice hockey The valet de chambre ashes expends energy in one of three charges by means of the elementary metabolic rate, through thermogenesis, or through physical activity. The basa l metabolic rate is the minimum amount of energy expenditure compulsory to carry on normal biological functions and reactions in the remains, such as breathing, keeping the heart beating, and carrying out the process of waste management. It accounts for roughly 75% of the workaday energy expenditure.Physical activity deals with energy expended during periods of reckon, and it accounts for around 18% of total energy expenditure. Dietary thermogenesis is the energy expenditure required for the digestion, absorption, and transit of food. most psyches expend more calories in thermogenesis than others, and this phenomenon accounts for the slight metabolic differences amongst obese and bunk individuals. Dietary thermogenesis accounts for 7% of energy expenditure (The saddle Loss Equation 2004).While basal metabolic rate and feedetical themogenesis remain almost corresponding for all, physical activity varies from individual to individual and from one sport to a nonher. scum hockey is a fast-paced, physical team sport which is played on ice. The sport involves intermittent high meretriciousness skating, rapid changes in duration and velocity and also frequent automobile trunk contact (Montgomery, 1988). Typically, a player performs for near 15 to 20 legal proceeding in a game which lasts for 60 minutes. each(prenominal) shift lasts for intimately 30 to 80 seconds which is followed by a 4- 5 minute retrieval time (Montgomery, 1988).Each shift is a high earnestness give demanding good heftiness capability and power and also anaerobic courage. amount of money rates during a shift exceed 90% HR max. personal line of credit lactate levels soar during the game proving that ice hockey is anaerobic in nature. Both anaerobic and aerobic systems of energy ar important for performance in the game. When energy is derived later on combustion of carbohydrates and eke out in the social movement of oxygen, it is known as aerobic metabolism. The by-p roducts of such a metabolism argon carbon-di-oxide and pissing which are disposed off through breathing and sweating. aerobiotic metabolism comes into picture for energy expenditure during rest and low intensity exercises or physical activity. During this type of metabolism, energy is derived from glucose and plump in the figurehead of oxygen. The stored glycogen in the muscles is broken deal to glucose which is further broken down using oxygen to create energy. When glycogen stores are depleted, luscious metabolism is initiated for energy replenishment. Fat metabolism is a slow process and when this is utilise for energy, performance declines.As the intensity of physical activity progresses, energy begins to be derived from anaerobic metabolism where energy is produced from glycogen or sugar in the absence of oxygen. This is because higher intensities of exercise wish more energy which roll in the haynot be supplied by aerobic metabolism. The change from aerobic metabolis m to anaerobic metabolism is known as metabolism threshold. The waste products of anaerobic metabolism are pyruvic acid and lactic acid which cause fatigue and soreness in the muscles (Scott, 2005). Anaerobic exercise is much less efficient that aerobic exercise and hence requires lot of training.The first thing in a sport standardised ice hockey is to ensure that the player is consuming suitable number of calories so that energy hatful be spent. Ice hockey involves intense training. Players of this sport expend atleast 600-1200kcals during workout. Hence ideal calorie requirements of these athletes are about 50- 80kcals/kg/day which amounts to 2500- 8000kcals/day for a 50-100kg weighing athlete. Some may even require 12,000kcals/day (Casa et al, 2000). tally to the Canada Food exact (qtd. in Bullard, 1978), essential components of food for any individual are proteins, fat and carbohydrates.These must be blended in such a way that they contain sufficient essential minerals and vitamins. There are four primary foods which make this possible. They are 2- 4 servings of draw or milk products like whole or 2% skim milk, butter milk, reconstituted evaporated or juiceless milk and cheese, 3- 5 servings of bread and cereals, 2 servings of meat and alternates like poultry, liver, fish, lean meat, cooked dried peas, nuts, beans or lentils, cheddar, cottage cheese, processed cheese and eggs, and 4- 5 servings of result and vegetables. This food can supply about 1000 to 1400 calories per day.Additional calories can be supplied by increasing the number or size of servings. Each individual has different needs of calories and nutrients based on the age, sex, size of body, daily activities and growth. For athletes, extra nutrition is essential not lonesome(prenominal) to maintain body encumbrance, but also to allow for exercise, training and competition. Consuming energy deficient dieting leads to weight way out, muscle mass loss, physical symptoms, psychological symptoms of over training and also performance reduction. In females, eating disorders can farm (Krieder et al, 2002).Muscle strength Muscle strength is very essential for ice hockey playing because shifts involve intense body contact and high intensity and high speed skating. To develop adequate muscle strength, captivate training is essential. Elements of strength training include hypertrophy, supreme strength, explosive power, strength endurance and periodization. Hypertrophy of muscles is essential in ice hockey players because the sport is involved with aggressive body contact. However, too much bulk is a hindrance and hence only optimal hypertrophy is aimed at (Tikkaja et al, 2003). supreme strength is that force which can be generated by the athlete to the maximal level. Maximal strength is essential to generate explosive power during performance which is essential during shifts. Maximal strength training does not lead to hypertrophy of muscles (Hoff et al, 2002). Explosiv e power training involves training the athlete to contract muscles in a fast manner which is needed in shifts. Strength endurance is important in ice hockey because of the speed and high intensity burst that the sport demands.Periodisation allows sports-specific strength to peak at the right moment, i. e. the shift. For a good training program to run, a well designed diet must be in that location which meets the needs of energy brainchild and also incorporates appropriate timing of nutrients. Research has proven that a good diet helps in the registration of training and a bad diet impedes adaptation to training (Krieder et al, 2002) Hydration Water accounts for 73% of lean body mass. During any exercise, vapor of sweat occurs as a method to regulate the core temperature of the body.The alike is the case with ice hockey. Sweating causes loss of valuable swimmings from the body which has only a finite reservoir of water. Hence if the lost fluids are not replaced in a seasonable manner, dehydration can result. drying up spark advance to 1-2% loss in body weight can compromise the physical function and thus affect performance (Casa et al, 2000). Once the loss of weight reaches 3%, exertional agitate illnesses like heat exhaustion, heat cramps and heat shock can occur (Casa et al, 2000). Dehydration during physical activity of sports is very common.Dehydration can develop within one hour of physical activity or even in a shorter duration of time. Dehydration can be minimized or even prevented by following suitable dehydration legal community protocols (Casa et al, 2000). One of the indicators of hydration during exercise sessions is to check weight before, during and after the sessions. This is useful provided the players enter the exercise session fully hydrated. This form of monitor for fluid loss is reliable and helps the player rehydrate in a timely manner.Another reliable method of monitoring hydration status is specific somberness checking of ur ine with a refractometer. Urine volume assessment and urine likeness comparison methods are less popular methods of hydration status assessment (Casa et al, 2000). According to the guidelines set by the National Athletic Trainers connecter (Casa et al, 2000), an athlete must consume approximately 500- 600ml of water or sports fuddle 2- 3hours prior to invest session or game and about 200- 300ml of water or sports drink prior to onset of exercise.During the game or practice session fluids must be consumed to make up losses. This can be done by taking 200- 300ml every 10-20 minutes. After the exercise, rehydration must be done to replace losses during the session. Electrolytes must also be include in the fluids to speed rehydration. Usually cool fluids are recommended so that the player takes more fluid inside. Bad signs and symptoms of dehydration include irritability, thirst, general discomfort, headache, dizziness, chills, vomiting, illness and decreased performance.Other dehy dration signs include weariness, flushed skin, apathy and heat sensations on head and neck. Sodium chloride must be included in the fluid replacement beverage when there is inadequate access to meals. nonaged amounts of sodium ranging between 0. 3- 0. 7g/L can offset salt loss which occurs in sweating. Ideal rehydration fluid An ideal rehydration fluid will contain of 60 grams of carbohydrate in 1 liter of fluid. This concentration of fluid will not hinder fluid absorption and at the same time will provide the required carbohydrate for refuelling (Casa et al, 2000).Role of proteins Proteins are very essential when heavy work is done for prolonged periods and also during periods of growth. May sportsmen are of the opinion that proteins are the primary sources of energy for muscles. However, this is not true because, when other substrates are available, protein is seldom used for derivation of energy. A well balanced diet will have sufficient protein for building of muscles and hen ce there is no justification for the use of expensive high-protein diets (Casa et al, 2000). lofty intense trainers like ice hockey players will need about 1. 2g per kg per day of protein which is twice the RDA recommendation for general population.Insufficient protein intake can result in negative nitrogen balance which increases protein catabolism and slows recovery time. This can contribute to intolerance of training and loss of muscle mass. The type of protein consumed is also important. Best sources of protein include skinless chicken, egg white, skim milk and egg white (Krieder et al, 2004).. Role of fat Fat is very fatty in calories. Each gram of fat when burnt, releases 9KCals.However, metabolic breakdown of fat utilizes more oxygen and thus maximum physical efficiency is not possible when a diet which is rich in fat is consumed. However, some amount of fat is essential for flavouring of food, reservation of energy stores and body insulation (Casa et al, 2000). The dieta ry recommendations for fat intake in athletes are similar to those recommended for non-athletes. For an athlete, it is essential to maintain energy balance, replenish intramuscular triacyl glycerol and also take essential fatty acids (Krieder et al, 2004). Role of carbohydratesDuring exercise, body uses 30-60 g of carbohydrates per hour. Ice hockey players will need 400-1500 grams of carbohydrate (50-150kg body weight) to maintain the glycogen levels of the muscle. Majority of the carbohydrate in the diet must come from heterogeneous carbohydrates which have low-to-moderate glycemic index. Some of such carbohydrates are starches, grains, maltodextrins and fruit. Since it is difficult to consume substantive carbohydrate during intense training, experts recommend that carbohydrates may be taken in the form of concentrated carbohydrate juices and drinks (Krieder et al, 2004).Vitamins Vitamins are essential for energy synthesis, prevention of cell destruction, maintenance of neurolog ical processes and regulation of metabolic processes. Basically there are 2 types of vitamins, the fat soluble and the non-fat soluble. Vitamins A, D,E and K are fat soluble and Vitamins B and C are water soluble (Krieder et al, 2004). Athletes need as much vitamins as non-athletes. There is no evidence to unquestionably prove that increased vitamin consumption increases performance.

Importance of Time Essay

Time is said to be gross(a). It is said that it has uncomplete a beginning nor an end. Yet men atomic number 18 able to m it as years, months, days, hours, minutes and seconds. They have likewise given meanings to the words past, impart and future. True, time has a meaning. It moves.Yet time is said to have no holiday. It exists always. any movement of creation is linked with time. One can non grow paddy in a month nor can a child become an self-aggrandizing in a year. Everything is fixed .Time is a free force. It does not wait for any one. It is commonly said that time and tide waits for no man. Time is money. A minute not usefully spent is an eternal loss. You can never get back the lost minute. One has to glitter the iron when it is hot. The time flies and never returns. If you waste time it wastes you. To lend oneself time fruitfully, we must take concrete steps as to how we atomic number 18 going to use it and what we are going to do with it. There is a proverb which says that killing time is not a murder it is a suicide. It means, by wasting time one is not harming others. On the other hand one is harming himself. A man who is a part of genius cannot complain against time.Time is powerful. It conquers all. Men are only to obey it. while cannot say that he has nothing of his own. Time which is valuable is all his own. If you are not on time and miss the train, you miss it fore-ever. So also the time, once you miss it, it flies off. You can never catch it. so it is called fleeting time. Let us learn to use our time fruitfully. This is the signalize to success because time can create us or bring down us. It all depends on how we utilize time.

Enron Corporation Essay

I The BeginningWhen Enron Corporation declargond a Chapter 11 bankruptcy in December 2001, it left the unrestricted oddly its investors and stockholders reeling from such fiscal grease and go. Enron had allegedly overstated its profits by $586 gazillion since 1997 in order to protect the firms relief sheet and practiced insider occupation as intimately dissembler and cabal.Enron had been the seventh largest participation in the United States and had been atomic number 53 of the largest fiscal contributors to the Presidential elections, especially the Bush family. To the outside world, Enron portrayed a picture of success. However, upon closure critique on the inside, Enron was on the brink of collapse.When Enrons stock price progress to its highest at $90, the executives who allegedly knew of the offshore accounts of Enron started selling their respective shares and to encouraged the public to continue buying the verbalise stocks. However, the executives knew that the stock prices would not increase any longer but still reassured the public and its investors that the prices of stock would reach a high $130-140 per share. By August 2001, Enrons stock prices had dropped from $90 to a measly $42. It became evident that the caller-out had dish angiotensin converting enzymestly induced and fooled the public, investors and stockholders to buying the communitys stocks and shares.Amidst all these, Enron founder and former chairman Kenneth take down act to reassure the public to remain calm, and asked the investors to buy the corporations shares as the company will regain its profits in the succeeding months. Nonetheless, in October of 2001, the stocks plunged to $15 but the investors saw this as an opportunity to buy Enron stocks at such low prices. But the truth about the companys financial standing became public and the stock price finally make water rock bottom at $1 per share.II Basis of the ChargesStockholders and investors garner and insti tuted a class-action suit against Enron and its ships officers in order to recover the billions of investment they do on Enron as result of the infatuated representation and fraud by the company. Enron slip by executives specifically its Chief Executive Officers, Kenneth cast and Jeffrey Skilling were charged and convicted with the collapse of the get-up-and-go giant. Kenneth dumbfound faced seven counts of fraud and conspiracy charm Skilling faced 31 counts of fraud, conspiracy, insider trading and lying to auditors about Enrons financial position.In 1987, Enron auditors found out a billion-dollar oil trading scandal in its New York offices. Traders had been engaged in this kind of practice refutal transactions in order to boost their volume and profit in that locationby fattening their bonuses as considerably. Although CEO Kenneth Lay knew of this, he did not free the traders nor contacted the authorities in order to cover up their problems. But this sequent did no t deter the traders and six months later, competitors began to grow suspicious because if word got out, Enrons trading partners could prolong demanded that the company cover its positions with cash, which the company did not have (Fowler). Thus, the traders were fired and charged but not until they were able to transfer million of dollars into their ad hominem accounts. Enron for its part was able to get away by bluffing the food marketplace and reported $85 million in loss but sources conduct that the loss totalled to at least $135 million.CEO Jeffrey Skilling, who joined Enron in 1990, did not care much about the expenses incurred by the company as long as the margins looked good. He was to a fault more concerned with the revenues increases and output profit margins instead of the cash flows which was practiced by his predecessor. So enamoured were the exit executives in increasing business profit that when a deal failed or fell apart, more effort was placed into hiding the consequences instead of rectifying and owning up to the problem. After taking over as chief operating officer, he renewed the well-nigh non-existent post of chief financial officer and delegated legion(predicate) of the management responsibilities.In theory, Enron had mechanisms that would assess risk and accurately report financial numbers. These mechanisms required that deals should be strictly analyzed which included review by the legal department of the originating unit, the corporate legal department, chief risk officer and chief accounting officer. However, due to the insidious practice of the company, auditors and accountants were bullied to over driveway the system and departments were able to determine the total value of their proposals by manipulating the long price of whatever product was sold or bought. The company also used a mark-to-market accounting system pushed by Skilling which allows a company to report as current revenue the total value of a deal over its pro jected lifetime (Fowler). This system make earning expect good which in turn pumped up the stock prices and change magnitude the value of stocks which executives received as bonuses.III TrialAs the astonished investors witnessed Enrons stock prices plunged, the government began a massive crackdown on the executives who were obligated for the collapse of the company, and would end up in the conclusion of convincing and proving to the board that Lay and Skilling, the two top executives of the company, where guilty of massive fraud and were frankincense guilty.Government prosecutors were at first overwhelmed with the girth of the corporate fraud. Nevertheless, they began to take measures to do to these kinds of crimes and a barrage of criminal and civil investigations and prosecutions began to surface. Thus, in 2002, the Presidential unified Fraud Task Force filed criminal charges against more than 900 defendants, of which 60 are chief executive or president level and successful ly prosecuted or convicted 500 of them.The case against Lay and Skilling were heard by US territory Judge Sim Lake and lasted nearly four months while the jury deliberated for six days. The abnegation counsel initially attempted to persuade the judge to move the rivulet away from Houston, Enrons hometown as they were afraid that the jury might be influenced by anger due to the resulting loss of jobs and money and would see them as a way of revenge.Kenneth Lay faced seven counts of fraud and conspiracy fraud and conspiracy while Skilling on the different(a) hand, faced 31 counts of fraud, conspiracy, insider trading and lying to auditors about Enrons financial position. Although both insist their innocence of the charges against them, they were convicted for a total of 29 criminal counts as well as conspiracy to track the failing health of the company by selling boosterich optimism to Wall Street and the public (MSNBC).Lay, who was convicted to 6 counts of conspiracy, securiti es and wire fraud in the corporate trial and 4 counts on separate personal banking trial, surrendered his passport and posted a $5 million bond secured by the family. His sentence also carried a maximum penalty of 45 historic boundary in prison for the corporate trial while 120 historic period in personal trial respectively. Skilling on the other hand, was convicted by 19 counts out of the 28 charged as well as one count of insider trading while being acquitted with the remaining charges.The charges against these Enron top executives prospered as other executives turned the table and plead guilty in their respective charges in order to receive lower sentences than that prescribed. Among the former employees who testified against Lay and Skilling was Ben Glisan who is now serving a 5-year prison sentence after appeal guilty to a charge of conspiracy. According to Glisan, both Lay and Skilling knew that the company was in deep financial trouble but tried to get across it instead. Ultimately, the jury rejected Skillings defense that no fraud happened at Enron save for those committed by a number of executives skimming millions in secret side deals, while bad publicity and poor market confidence resulted in the collapse of the energy giant.III. Effects of the Enron CollapseAs the jurors found that these once-wealthy and force-outful executives repeatedly lied to cover up the documentary position of the company by covering up accounting and auditing failures which finally led to its collapse in 2001, the left a devastating forcefulness in the business world as well as the lives of the investors and shareholders. The demise of Enron wiped out more than $60 billion in market value, almost $2.1 billion in retirement savings and costs more than 5,600 to move fend for their jobs. The anger of the public over the recent corporate scandals led to the expiration of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, which was designed to make company executives more accountable.Although p ublic distrust for pink-collar trial could not actually reverse the damage done to investor confidence, the Lay and Skilling trial however has become a start of a heal process for public-investor relations to be righted again.IV Timothy BeldenApart from the other key witnesses who were former Enron employees and who testified against the top two Enron officials, Timothy Belden particularly made the charges against Lay and Skilling stick, ending in their conviction. Belden who was the first person to be charged in the manipulation of Western Energy markets, initially engaged in lengthy dance with federal officials over his plea and eventual cooperation in testifying against Lay and Skilling. He pleaded guilty in 2002 to conspiracy and admitted that he gave false information to calciums electrical grid operators. Belden is also verbalize to be the mastermind behind the strategies described in memos that spelled out how Enron manipulated the calcium market (Schreiber).Beginning in t he mid-nineties, calcium was among the first states to deregulate electricity. The deregulating occurred just as when companies were leaving the state in numbers thereby creating a recession. The deregulation was supposed to reduce the ten percent of the assess payers bill while breaking the old methods of greedy companies. As California deregulated the sweeping side of its energy markets, it also kept price caps in the retail side. It coincided with the States decision to bar utilities from signing long-term cheap fixed prices which forced them to into an unpredictable market. Thus, the utilities were made to pay horrid prices but were not able to pass on to their consumers the prices they incurred. Enron promised to deliver power more efficiently and build new plants that can run on cheaper fuels.Commencing in 1998 until 2001, Belden as well as other executives from Enron devised a fraudulent abstract in order to obtain increased revenue for Enron from wholesale electricity c onsumers and other market participants in the State of California. The schemes perpetrated by Belden and the other Enron executives required them to submit false information to the companies supplied by Enron and misrepresented the record of electricity which the company was supposed to supply. Despite being paid to arrogate congestion, the company however, did not do so and instead imported as well as exported electricity in order to receive higher(prenominal) prices from the companies they supply.Of particular interest in the course of the trial is a imitation of conversation between Belden and one of the operators of the power plant wherein the two discussed shutdown down one of Reliants power plants in California to create a shortage in order for the prices to skyrocket. As the scheme worked, causing the power prices to arrive at high and unjust levels in California, it thereby became illegal under the Federal Energy Policy Act.In his testimony, he called Californias post-der egulation power market dysfunctional and said his company bought cheap electricity in the Northwest to sell in California at a profit (Baker). This practice created the appearance among consumers that there was shortage of electricity, thereby having the need to jack up the prices. Enron was able to liquid ecstasy off almost $1 billion in a period of nine months in 2000 and 2001. Belden admitted however, that he only met with Lay and Skilling once during a colleagues party. But nevertheless, Beldens testimony turn out to be a very crucial one as it confirmed and proved that Lay and Skilling knew of what was happening in California but turned to hide it instead.As company vice-president and head of Enrons West Coast trading operation, Belden supervised a staff of 120 that went from $50 million in earnings in 1999 to $800 million in 2001, while Californias power markets disintegrated into panic and sky-high prices. When one of Enrons lawyers started investigating these irregularitie s as a response to the investigation conducted by the California Public benefit Commission.The lawyers found out of Enrons tactic of using advantage of the energy crisis and revealed through a memo that Enron created false congestion lines, transferred energy in and out of state to avoid price caps and charged for services the company never actually provided (Swartz). And yet, inspite of the information the lawyer gave to the top executives, and traders have been told to devolve the money made on improper trading, the executives at Enron still pertinacious against it despite knowing that the practice was illegal. For Belden and the other traders, sending the money back would mean that the other companies will know what Enron was doing. Nevertheless, Belden and Enron continued on with the practice. Skilling, on the other hand, fully knew well of the said practice by the company in 2001 as he was already tipped by one of the executives who learned of the previous investigation.Duri ng examination, Belden admitted to US District Judge Martin Jenkins that he did it because he was trying to maximize profit for Enron. Belden claimed that he was only following Enrons instructions as he handled his trades (CBS News). According to Beldens counsel, Enron knew fully well of Beldens action but was never disciplined nor sanctioned at all. In fact, Belden may have reaped bonus for such practice as revenues from his trading unit climbed from $50 million in 1999 to $500 million in 2000 to $800 million in 2001. When he was charged with conspiracy, Belden after a long time of dealing and negotiating with the federal government, decided to turn against Kenneth Lay and Jeffrey Skilling, claiming that the two top executives knew of the practice he and other traders did as indicated by the internal company memos which described how Enron took power out of California at a time of rolling blackouts and shortages and how it sold out of state to get away price caps (CBS News).