Compare and contrast two psychological approaches Essay

My aim in this essay, is to comp be and contrast the following psychological approaches demeanouristic psychology and Psychoanalysis, in doing this I will unpack the key points of these two approaches, highlighting the unlikenesss and explaining them.The startle approach I will look at is Psychoanalysis the n archeozoic famous psychologist subsumeed to this is Sigmund Freud an Austrian psychologist who first proposed his Psychodynamic approach. These perspectives states, that there atomic number 18 collar main sections to the human psyche. The first is the ID this is the natural drive, which seeks gratification constantly, the second is the self-importance this is our personal set of values developed as children, and finally the SUPEREGO a set of learned values, taken from society and our p atomic number 18nts rules and values. likewise he believed that as children we all go through with(predicate) five stages oral, anal, phallic, genital, and latency. If the child is eit her below or over gratified in any unitary of the stages therefore they will scram problems in adulthood.A nonher element of Freuds theories was his studies of dreams Freud believed that dreams acted as a form of fantasy, a defence mechanism against the unacceptable urges of the id. reverie allows the individual to act proscribed take downts in the imagination, which can satiate the urges of the id, which atomic number 18 repressed. Freud theorized that dreams were a subconscious manifestation of these repressed urges, and that they served in general to satisfy sexual and aggressive tendenciesThe other hypothesis I will refer to is behavioristic psychology this is an approach, which states that all psychology must be straight measurable and recordable, if it is to be regarded as scientific. In his 1924 book Behaviourism, Watson made the notorious ingest that, apt(p) a dozen healthy infants he could determine the adult personalities of distributively whizz, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations and the race of his ancestors. Whilemaking such(prenominal) a claim seems ridiculous today, at the time Watson was reacting to emerging Freudian psychoanalyticalal theories of development, which legion(predicate) a(prenominal) people prove threatening. Watsons scheme rejected the entire hidden, unconscious, and subdue longings that Freudians attributed to behaviours and posited that humans respond to punishments and rewards. Behaviour that creates positive responses is reinforced and continued, while behaviour that creates negative responses is drawd.After both of these psychologists came other expanding on their theories, psychologists like Pavlov and muleteer spread out Watsons theories and Psychologists like Jung and Adler expanded Freuds.An important component of legion(predicate) an(prenominal) psychological theories in the late nineteenth century, including analytic thinking was introspection, the subject area of the mind by analysis of ones own aspect processes. It was in reaction to this trend that behaviourism arose, claiming that the pillow slips of behaviour were not founded in the mind, but rather that they were the upshots of teach and responses to stimulus. Behavioural theorists emphasize that behaviour is a result of a process of learning from observing. What actions pay off and what works. This supposition simplifies human behaviour by neglecting the many other influences on us, many of which are vital to the psychoanalytic theory. In direct conflict psychoanalysis uses introspection as the basis for all theory stating that behaviour is constituted by childhood experiences, to quote Freud the boy is father to the man.Another difference is found when you look at investigate methods. Psychoanalysis is based roughly introspection and as such has truly teensy research, due to the particular that the theory has very little testable data, it can neither truly be proved nor disproved. Behaviourism tested and researched ideas before they were published, all of the research was directly observable and and testable, this was due to the underlying aim of behaviourism, which is to produce analysable and scientific results.The research done by the approaches differ as oftentimes as who they are studying behaviourism centeringes all of its attentions upon animals and how theirbehaviour equates to human behaviour. The reasons for this focus of experimentation was stated by theories being made on the evolution of creatures scientists such as Charles Darwin were stating that all life found on earth descended from basic organisms, due to this behaviourists of the period believed that any reaction from a animal could be observed in humans as all creatures evolve from one another.The techniques used for Freuds research, were based around introspectional research into members of the public, the problem that was that Freud lived in a place where the only wi lling volunteers for research were Judaic housewives, as such Freuds research can be critised as it focused mainly on one (extend)As time has done for(p) by both of these theories give birth received critism from various sources, and their views have been expanded and changed by psychologists who came after them.Since Freud first described his psychodynamic theory, Freud and his psychoanalytic theory have faced intense criticism. His most famous critic is Jung, a agent college. Jung started to dis obtain with Freud in 1913 over many of the key of issues to the theory, including amongst other points, Freuds emphasis on childrens sexuality and its importance in early development. Jung had a different view of the construction of human personality, for instance, and had different ideas somewhat how dreams should be interpreted and viewed as part of psychoanalysis, dreams of course being very important to the study of Psychoanalysis they were seen as to quote Freud a windowpane to t he subconscious.Alfred Adler, another college of Freud, also disagreed with the masters view of childhood sexuality, alternatively he believed that infants and children are driven mainly by a pick out for acceptance and praise rather than sexual gratification. In modern times, Freud has been the objective of criticism from many corners. Feminists especially criticize his understanding of hysteria and his theory of Oedipal conflict, they deny that a child would think and seek to act in this delegacy.Basically the main criticisms of Freuds theory are that it is based excessively much in studying sexual urges and the need for gratification. Also many people believe that Freud had no real proof for his theories and they were too much based around introspection. His theories have been expanded and criticised by his peers, Jung, Adler ECT, and their theories although still psychoanalytic list the influences on behaviour as society and a persons environment. often of the research done i n Behaviourism was done prior to lav Watson championing the term Behaviourism in his 1924 book.Edward Thorndike (1874-1949) initially proposed that humans and animals learn behaviours through the association of stimuli and responses. He stated two laws of learning to explain wherefore behaviour occurs the way that it does The righteousness of Effect specifies that any time a behaviour is followed by a pleasant outcome, that behaviour is likely to recur. The Law of Exercise states that the more a stimulus is connected with a response, the stronger the link between the two.Ivan Pavlovs (1849-1936) carried on work on classical conditioning also he provided an observable way to study behaviour. Although most psychologists agree that neither Thorndike nor Pavlov were strict behaviourists, their work paved the way for the emergence of behaviourism. posterior the behaviourist approach was taken up by B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) who worked out the evolution of human behaviour by observing t he behaviour of rats in a maze, where certain actions lead to different consequences In the 1950s, however, the popularity of behaviourism began to decline.Behaviourism is very difficult to crititse as unlike other approaches the data is not open to interpretation. As such the theory has received very little crititsm over the years.One of the main critisms was made by Noam Chomsky (1928), an expert inspeach, who demonstrated that the behaviourist approach simply could not explain the way a child picks up its native language. Today, many psychologists debate the completion to which cognitive learning and behavioural learning affect the development of personality. Also much of the research done by behaviourists would not be realistic in the present day as the general public are much more aware of issues of cruelty to animals.Both of these theories have one key element, which is shared. Namely both have inspired and been the basis of therapies, which are still used to aid a variety o f problems.From psychoanalysis, psychotherapy grew. psychotherapy is a way of treating psychological or emotional problems, through public lecture both about the issue and about other issues. The main focus is to talk the patient through their experience hoping to discover the personal feelings, relationships, and events that have created their vegetative behaviour. Freud first used this therapy whilst living in Austria where he was a practicing physician specializing in neurological disorders. When Freud could find no physical cause for an illness, he would experiment with this new therapy and in this way he found it extremely useful. It is now used widely across the world and is even a recommended treatment in the NHS.Behaviourism has led to other therapies, mainly treatment for phobias. Classical conditioning is also the basis for different types of fears or phobia, which can occur through a process called stimulus stimulus generalisation (a child who has a bad experience with a particular bob may learn to fear all dogs). Although classical conditioning is the cause of many phobias, classical conditioning can also help eliminate them through a variety of therapeutic techniques. One is systematic desensitization, in which an anxiety-producing stimulus is linked with a positive response. The opposite result (making a desirable stimulus unpleasant) is obtained through aversion conditioning therapy, in which a behaviour that a person wants to stop e.g. an addiction, such as alcoholism is paired with an unpleasant stimulus, such as a nausea-producing drug.So in conclusion, no one theory can be proven either correct or incorrect, as elements of each are useful and effective in modern life. Psychologists will constantly expand these theories and critism will continue, for as long as the debate rages on.BIBLIOGRAPHYPsychology for A take by Mike Cardwell, Liz Clark and Claire Meldrum (2000)Gale Encyclopaedia of Childhood & Adolescence. Gale Research, 1998.Rach lin, Howard. Introduction to Modern Behaviourism. tertiary ed. New York Freeman, 1991Lieberman, David A. Learning Behavior and Cognition. Belmont, CA Wadsworth Publishing Co., 1990.Gale Encyclopaedia of Psychology. Gale Research, 1998.Blackman, Derek E. operant Conditioning An Experimental Analysis of Behaviour. London Methuen, 1974.